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chiasmus

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chiasmus

Figure of speech in which the order in one phrase is reversed in a second, as in ‘I am unable to dig, to beg I am ashamed’.



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With striking chiasmus, Tolkien describes height and depth cancelling each other out by being inverted and juxtaposed: "They were in a deep dim-lit gully over-arched by trees high above them" (emphasis added, 152).
We have here the philosophy of Platonism (procession and return) along with the literary symmetry of chiasmus (Books 1 and 9, 2 and 8, and so on).
This involves trying first to distinguish among "simple" antithesis, parallel antithesis, chiasmus, paradox, paradoxism, and oxymoron.
 
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