We do know that AOM causes mucosal sloughing, impairs ciliary clearance, exposes microbial binding sites, induces scarring, and may lead to localized blockage such as antral block.

CHAT and TH expression are controlled through separate transcriptional promoter pathways, comprising cAMP-dependent processes (adenylyl cyclase, protein kinase A, CREB, AP-1) as well as trophic factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neuron restrictive silencer factor, and bone morphogenetic protein-9 (Lewis-Tuffin et al.

These findings led the scientists to speculate that the ciliary action leads to cell-secreted chemical signals becoming concentrated on one side of the embryo and switching on genes there (SN: 8/21/99, p.