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conditioning |
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conditioningIn psychology, two major principles of behaviour modification. In classical conditioning, described by Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, a new stimulus can evoke an automatic response by being repeatedly associated with a stimulus that naturally provokes that response. For example, the sound of a bell repeatedly associated with food will eventually trigger salivation, even if sounded without food being presented. In operant conditioning, described by US psychologists Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) and B F Skinner, the frequency of a voluntary response can be increased by following it with a reinforcer or reward. |
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| reading, complex problem solving, executive functions such as planning, organizing, and strategizing skills), the concurrent validity of habituation and classical conditioning tests has been established. Simple hind-limb motor responses to cutaneous or electrical stimulation were enhanced in animals with completely transected spinal cords via classical conditioning (ie, pairing the stimulus with another stimulus that evoked a stronger motor response). The investigation, which combines classical conditioning with brain wave measurements, broadly supports a theory of anxiety formulated 70 years ago by Sigmund Freud, contends psychologist Philip S. |
classical conditioning
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