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tsar
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tsar

Russian imperial title in use from 1547 to 1721, derived from the Latin caesar, the title of the Roman emperors.

Ivan (IV) the Terrible, the grand duke of Muscovy, was crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. In 1721 Peter (I) the Great officially changed the title to ‘emperor of all Russia’ as part of his efforts to reorganize and modernize his country on Western lines. However, the title of ‘tsar’ continued in popular use for subsequent Russian rulers until Nicholas II was deposed by the Russian Revolution in 1917.



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? Mentioned in ? References in periodicals archive
 
Russian society, in the twilight of czarism, viewed its aberrant personalities as reflections of its own imperfections.
Disaster of disguise: Emmanuel Carrere's counterfeiters by Indiana, Gary / Artforum International
In Eastern Europe the concept of an intelligentsia arose, an educated class who would use ideas, expressed in essays and journalism, literature, and drama, to combat the autocratic and reactionary ideology of Czarism.
Public intellectuals--now and then by Chametzky, Jules / MELUS
The acumen and freedom of thought enjoyed by a small, elite part of the secret police did not save either czarism or the Soviet system.
Putin's Precursors by Murawiec, Laurent / The National Interest
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