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tsar |
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tsarRussian imperial title in use from 1547 to 1721, derived from the Latin caesar, the title of the Roman emperors. Ivan (IV) the Terrible, the grand duke of Muscovy, was crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. In 1721 Peter (I) the Great officially changed the title to ‘emperor of all Russia’ as part of his efforts to reorganize and modernize his country on Western lines. However, the title of ‘tsar’ continued in popular use for subsequent Russian rulers until Nicholas II was deposed by the Russian Revolution in 1917. |
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| WASHINGTON -- From tales of Italian and Irish grandparents landing at Ellis Island to a reminiscence about a father who fled czarist Russia to find refuge in America, members of Congress are shaking the history from their family trees. Now with a new introduction by Professor of Russian Maria Nemcova Banerjee, The Meaning Of History is a philosophical treatise by intellectual Nikolai Berdyaev, witness to two world wars, who survived arrest for political suspicion first by Czarist and then by Bolshevik police, who died in exile in France in 1948 doggedly pursuing his studies and analysis to the end. About 50 percent of the work deals with the Baptists as they confront the Czarist regime, beginning with the euphoria of toleration in 1905 but facing increasing restriction and attack before and during World War I. |
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