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differenceIn mathematics, the result obtained when subtracting one number from another. Also, those elements of one set that are not elements of another. How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content. |
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Equation (3) is first differenced to eliminate individual effects and then estimated simultaneously with the level equation by the GMM method. Data sets were transformed and detrended by differencing and autoregressive moving average models were fitted to the differenced series to ensure the residuals were normally distributed and independent. The first difference is taken for these two series, and the ADF tests for the transformed series (shown in the second column of results) shows that they are now stationary and can be used for the causality regressions (the first difference of the 12-month seasonally differenced series). |
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