dissident

In one-party states, a person intellectually dissenting from the official line. Dissidents have been sent into exile, prison, labour camps, and mental institutions, or deprived of their jobs. In the former USSR the number of imprisoned dissidents declined from more than 600 in 1986 to fewer than 100 in 1990, of whom the majority were ethnic nationalists. In China the number of prisoners of conscience increased after the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre. The most prominent pro-democracy activist, Wang Dan, was sentenced to 11 years' imprisonment in 1996 for allegedly plotting to overthrow the government (he was released on medical grounds in April 1998 and allowed to visit the USA).

In the former USSR before the introduction of glasnost, dissidents comprised communists who advocated a more democratic and humanitarian approach; religious proselytizers; Jews wishing to emigrate; and those who supported ethnic or national separatist movements within the USSR (among them Armenians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, and Tatars). Their views were expressed through samizdat (clandestinely distributed writings) and sometimes published abroad. In the late 1980s Mikhail Gorbachev lifted censorship, accepted a degree of political pluralism, and extended tolerance to religious believers. Almost 100,000 Jews were allowed to emigrate 1985-90. Some formerly persecuted dissidents, most prominently the physicist Andrei Sakharov, emerged as supporters of the new reform programme.