Although the specimen exhibited enterovirus-like cytopathic effect by inoculation into HEF and GMK cells when cell culture system for virus isolation was used (2), extracted RNA from the supernatant of the cells showed no amplification by reverse transcription--PCR (RT-PCR) when 1 of the conventional primer sets for human enteroviruses was used (3,4).

22) In the past, this syndrome was associated with infection by poliovirus, although this syndrome can be caused by many viruses, including enteroviruses, echoviruses, Coxsackie viruses, and other flaviviruses.

Campylobacter jejuni and enteroviruses were used for the analysis; concentrations for these organisms in different kinds of surface waters were taken from the literature, and concentration distributions constructed.