1%) cases of congenital malformations in the study group, consisting of undescended testis (two), congenital hydrocele (three), and congenital inguinal hernia (one), and only one case (1.

Risk factors placing a patient in a "high-risk group" for testicular cancer include a history of any one or more of the following: cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), orchiopexy (surgical correction of the undescended testicle), testicular atrophy (degeneration of the testicle), prior diagnosis of mumps, orchitis (inflammation of the testicle), inguinal hernia, hydrocele (fluid around the testicle), and previous testicular cancer (American Academy of Family Physicians, 1994).

A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis, and hydrocele, among residents in an endemic area in Haiti.