5) Rare complications, with reported rates of 4 - 17%, include graft occlusion caused by the inability of the stent graft to bend along the acute angle in the aortic arch, and shower embolism due to mural thrombus dispersion during repeated introduction of guide wires, angiographic catheters and delivery systems; this may cause cerebral infarction during the endovascular procedure.

Balloon angioplasty was also performed to treat the residual mural thrombus and persistent stenosis in the axillary and subclavian veins.

It is interesting to note that the venous thromboses in these cases were in close anatomic relation with active sarcoidosis, ie, mural thrombus in myocardial sarcoidosis, dural vein thrombosis in neurosarcoidosis, and right brochiocephalic vein in mediastinal disease.