painting

Buddhist painting. Much of Buddhist art has been preserved in monasteries, although little survives of the early Buddhist pictorial art made on wood or other perishable materials.

Buddhist painting. Buddhist iconography, painting, and architecture spread from northwestern India to China and East Asia from the 1st century onwards. Different styles and techniques emerged, as the older Indian traditions were modified by local influences.

Application of coloured pigment to a surface. The chief methods of painting are: tempera emulsion painting, with a gelatinous (for example, egg yolk) rather than oil base – known in ancient Egypt; fresco watercolour painting on plaster walls – the palace of Knossos, Crete, contains examples from about 2000 BC; ink developed in China for calligraphy in the Sung period and highly popular in Japan from the 15th century; oil ground pigments in linseed, walnut, or other oil, it spread from northern to southern Europe in the 15th century; watercolour pigments combined with gum arabic and glycerol, which are diluted with water – the method was developed in the 15th–17th centuries for wash drawings; acrylic synthetic pigments developed after World War II, the colours are very hard and brilliant.

High-resolution video cameras and computers are now being used to help art experts identify damage to paintings in some of the world's major galleries, including the Louvre, France, and the National Gallery, UK. The system identifies damage by comparing ‘before’ and ‘after’ images in order to highlight changes in the craquelure.

For the major styles of Western painting, see Mannerism, baroque, rococo, neoclassicism, Romanticism, realism, Impressionism, and abstract art.

painting - events

c. 6000 BC	North Africa	Rock paintings of the Capsian culture begin to appear in areas of North Africa, such as at Tasili (on the edge of the Sahara) and at Gafsa or Capsa (in Tunisia). Similar paintings are also executed in southeastern Spain, possibly by migrants from Gafsa. They usually depict hunting and food gathering scenes, and may have magical and luck-bringing significance similar to that of Palaeolithic cave paintings. They differ, however, in that the human figure is boldly shown in Capsian art, something that the Palaeolithic artist avoids. Some of the human figures appear strange and terrifying and perhaps represent anthropomorphic gods.
c. 6000 BC	Middle East	Human skulls are made into ornamental masks in Jericho, in what may be a cult of ancestor worship. Painted clay and cowrie shells are used for eyes.
c. 3300 BC	Egypt	The thin flat stones called palettes, used in Egypt for grinding malachite for eye-painting, develop into significant works of art. Some are inscribed with early pictographic and post-pictographic writing, and others with scenes of intercity warfare. They also show a Sumerian influence, as does an ivory knife handle of the period which pictures ‘the master of the beasts’, a man or god flanked by tamed lions.The most famous palette depicts King Menes, founder of the 1st dynasty of kings in Egypt, defeating the lord of the Delta Land (the Nile delta area of lower Egypt).
c. 1900 BC	Egypt	The tomb of Chnemhotep, administrator of the Eastern Desert, is built in Egypt, with wall paintings depicting the great man fishing and fowling, and such captions as ‘how delightful is the day of hunting the hippopotamus’.
c. 1015	China, Song Empire	Fan K'uan, whose atmospheric ink landscapes of Chinese mountain scenery epitomize the Northern Song School of painting, is active around this time.
1285	Italy	The Rucellai Madonna is painted as the altarpiece for the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy. Once attributed to Cimabue, it is now thought to be the work of the Sienese painter Duccio.
c. 1305	Italy	Italian artist Giotto di Bondone completes a series of frescoes in the Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel in Padua illustrating the life of the Virgin and the life of Jesus. Bringing a new realism and drama to painting, this major series of frescoes is seen as marking the beginning of Italian Renaissance art.
1311	Italy	Italian artist Duccio de Buoninsegna completes his painting Maestà for the high altar of Siena Cathedral. It consists of a huge panel painting depicting the Virgin and Child on one side and 26 scenes of the Passion of Christ on the other. Commissioned to commemorate the failure of a siege of Siena, the work is paraded through the streets when it is finished.
c. 1325	Italy	Italian artist Giotto di Bondone completes a series of frescoes in chapels in the Church of Santa Croce in Florence. In the Bardi chapel he paints scenes from the life of Saint Francis, in the Peruzzi chapel scenes from the life of John the Baptist.
c. 1400	England, France	The Wilton Diptych, a panel painting showing King Richard II of England facing the Virgin Mary, is painted, probably by a French artist. The estimated dates for this work differ widely, ranging from c. 1380 to c. 1410.
c. 1411	Russia	Russian artist Andrey Rublev paints The Old Testament Trinity, one of the finest Russian works of the period.
c. 1419	Italy	Italian artist and architect Filippo Brunelleschi draws ‘perspective panels’, boards on which there is a drawing of a scene and a pinhole to view the scene itself. His device helps to create a mastery of linear perspective that plays a major role in Renaissance art.
c. 1420	Flanders	The Flemish artist brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck develop the technique of painting using oils as a medium to hold the pigment.
1423	Italy	The Italian artist Gentile da Fabriano paints the altarpiece The Adoration of the Magi.
c. 1427	Italy	Italian artist Masaccio (Tommaso di Giovanni di Simone Guidi) paints the fresco The Trinity, one of the major works of the early Italian Renaissance, in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy.
c. 1428	Flanders	The Flemish artist Robert Campin (the Master of Flémalle) paints The Mérode Altarpiece.
1428	Italy	Italian artists Masaccio (Tommaso di Giovanni di Simone Guidi) and Masolino da Pinicale paint frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel in the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy. Masaccio's works there, painted according to the newly discovered principles of linear perspective, and with a solidity and drama not seen since Giotto, are among the most important works of the early Renaissance.
1434	Flanders	The Flemish artist Jan van Eyck paints The Arnolfini Marriage, a double portrait, full of complex symbolism, of the Italian banker Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife Giovanna Cenani on their wedding day.
1437	Italy	The Italian artist Fra Filippo Lippi paints The Madonna and Child (The Tarquinia Madonna) and the first two of his Annunciations.
c. 1438	Flanders	The Flemish artist Rogier van der Weyden paints The Descent from the Cross.
1440	Italy	Italian artist Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietro) paints Madonna and Saints (San Marco Altarpiece), one of the first of many works at the monastery of San Marco in Florence, Italy.
1444	Switzerland	The Swiss artist Konrad Witz paints The Miraculous Draft of Fishes (Altarpiece of Saint Peter's).
c. 1445	France	The French artist Jean Fouquet paints Portrait of Charles VII of France.
1448	Flanders	The Flemish artist Rogier van der Weyden paints The Last Judgement Altarpiece.
c. 1450	Italy	The Italian artist Paolo Uccello paints three versions of The Battles of San Romano.
c. 1450	Italy	The Italian artist Piero della Francesca paints The Baptism of Christ.
c. 1455	Italy	Italian artist Piero della Francesca completes his cycle of frescoes The Legend of the True Cross in the Church of San Francesco in Arezzo, Italy. Among the best-known scenes are The Discovery of the True Cross and The Meeting of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.
c. 1460	Italy	Italian artist Benozzo Gozzoli paints the fresco The Adoration of the Magi in the Chapel of Medici-Riccardi Palace in Florence, Italy.
1465	Italy	The Italian artist Paolo Uccello paints The Hunt.
c. 1467	Italy	The Italian artist Andrea Mantegna paints the Dead Christ.
1474	Italy	Italian artist Andrea Mantegna completes his frescoes in the Camera degli Sposi/Marriage Room in the Ducal Palace in Mantua, Italy. It presents a vivid depiction of the life at the Mantua court.
c. 1475	Italy	The Italian artist Antonio del Pollaiuolo paints The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian.
c. 1476	Flanders	The Flemish artist Hugo van der Goes paints The Portinari Altarpiece, one of his most important works. It was painted for Tommaso Portinari, an Italian banker working in Bruges for the Medicis. When taken to Florence it was greatly admired by Italian artists.
1480	Flanders, Scotland	The Flemish artist Hugo van der Goes completes his painting The Trinity Altarpiece. The work includes panels depicting the Scottish royal family: James III, the Queen, and their son, the future James IV.
1480	Italy	Italian artist Ghirlandaio (Domenico Bigordi) paints the fresco Last Supper in the monastery of Ognissanti in Florence.
c. 1480	Flanders	The Flemish artist Hieronymus Bosch paints Christ Mocked.
c. 1482	Italy	The Italian artist Sandro Botticelli (Alessandro di Mariano dei Filipepi) paints Primavera/Spring, commissioned by a member of the Medici family. One of his most important and characteristic works, it is a depiction of Spring (‘primavera’) in terms of Classic mythology. It may also be an allegory based on the Neo-Platonist philosophy of the contemporary scholar Marsilio Ficino (also a member of the Medici circle).
c. 1485	Italy	The Italian artist Sandro Botticelli (Alessandro di Mariano dei Filipepi) paints The Birth of Venus.
c. 1486	Italy	The Italian artist Andrea Mantegna paints The Triumph of Caesar, a series of nine paintings.
1495	Italy	The Italian artist Vittore Carpaccio completes his series of paintings The Life of Saint Ursula. A typical scene, full of details of contemporary Venetian life, is The Arrival of the Ambassadors of Britain at the Court of Brittany.
c. 1497	Italy	The Italian artist Sandro Botticelli (Alessandro di Mariano dei Filipepi) paints Pietà. By this stage in his career Botticelli (influenced by the religious reformer Savonarola) has abandoned the sensual elegance of his earlier works to create works that are harsher and more intense.
1498	Italy	Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci completes The Last Supper, a fresco in the refectory of the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. His experiments with new media are unsuccessful and within a few years it begins to deteriorate.
1500	Germany	The German artist Albrecht Dürer paints Self-portrait (the Munich self-portrait).
c. 1501	Italy	The Italian artist Giorgione (Giorgio da Castelfranco) paints his Castelfranco Altarpiece.
1503	Florence, Italy, France	The Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) (Louvre, Paris), a portrait of Lisa di Antonio Maria Gherardini, the wife of a leading Florentine official. It will become one of the best-known paintings in the world.
1504	Italy	The Italian artist Raphael (Sanzio) paints Marriage of the Virgin.
1511	Italy, Rome	The Italian artist Raphael paints The School of Philosophy, a fresco in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican, Rome, Italy.
1512	Italy, Rome	The Italian artist Raphael paints The Sistine Madonna.
c. 1514	Italy	The Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) paints Sacred and Profane Love.
1515	Germany	The German artist Matthias Grünewald completes his painting of the Isenheim Altarpiece.
c. 1517	Italy, Rome	The Italian artist Raphael (Sanzio) paints Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi.
1518	Italy	Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) completes his painting The Assumption (Assunta), an altarpiece for the Church of Santa Maria dei Frari in Venice, Italy.
1521	Germany	The German artist Lucas Cranach paints Luther as Junker Jög, the first of his long series of portraits of the German religious reformer Martin Luther.
1521	Italy	Italian artist Pontormo (Jacopo Carucci) paints frescoes depicting mythological scenes in the Medici Villa in Poggio a Caiano in Italy. He also paints Deposition from the Cross.
1522	Germany	The German artist Hans Holbein paints The Dead Christ.
1523	Italy	The Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) paints Bacchus and Ariadne.
1529	Germany	The German artist Albrecht Altdorfer paints The Battle of Alexander (The Battle of Issus).
c. 1532	Italy	Italian artist Giulio Romano (Pippi) completes his frescoes in the Palazzo del Tè in Mantua, Italy. Those in the Sala dei Giganti (Room of the Giants) are among the best known. Romano also designed the building.
1533	Germany	The German artist Hans Holbein paints The Ambassadors.
1538	Italy	The Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) paints Venus of Urbino.
1541	Italy	Italian artist Michelangelo (Buonarroti) completes his fresco The Last Judgement, painted on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, Italy. He began work in 1536.
1548	Italy, Holy Roman Empire	The Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) paints Charles V on Horseback. The picture commemorates the Holy Roman Emperor Charles's recent victory over the Lutheran princes at the Battle of Mühlberg.
1554	Italy	The Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) paints Danaë and Venus and Adonis.
1555	Italy	The Italian artist Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) paints Saint George and the Dragon.
1555	Italy	The Italian artist Sofonisba Anguissola (one of the few women artists of the period) paints Portrait of the Artist's Three Sisters and their Governess.
c. 1555	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Pieter Breughel (the Elder) paints The Fall of Icarus.
1559	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Pieter Breughel paints Netherlandish Proverbs and Battle Between Carnival and Lent.
c. 1562	Italy	The Italian artist Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) paints The Finding of the Body of Saint Mark and The Discovery of the Body of Saint Mark.
1563	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Pieter Breughel paints The Tower of Babel.
1565	Italy	Italian artist Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) begins a large cycle of paintings in the Scuola di San Rocco in Venice, Italy, completed in 1587. One of the earliest is the Crucifixion of 1565.
1565	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Pieter Breughel completes a series of paintings depicting the seasons, including Hunters in the Snow, Gloomy Day, Return of the Herd, and August.
1569	Flanders, England	The Flemish-born English artist Hans Eworth paints Queen Elizabeth Confounding Juno, Minerva and Venus.
1570	England	The English artist Nicholas Hilliard paints Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.
1571	Italy	The Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) paints Crowning with Thorns.
c. 1580	Spain	The Greek-born Spanish artist El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) paints The Adoration of the Name of Jesus (The Dream of Philip II).
1585	Italy	Italian artist Veronese (Paolo Caliari) completes his frescoes in the Sala del Maggior Consiglio in the Doge's Palace in Venice, Italy. One of the best-known images is The Triumph of Venice.
1586	Spain	The Greek-born Spanish artist El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) paints Burial of Count Orgaz.
1588	England	The English artist Nicholas Hilliard paints the miniature A Youth Among Roses.
1594	Italy	The Italian artist Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) completes his painting The Last Supper.
c. 1600	Italy	The Italian artist Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi) paints The Supper at Emmaus.
c. 1601	Italy	The Italian artist Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi) paints The Conversion of Saint Paul.
1611	Flanders	The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens paints The Raising of the Cross.
1614	Italy	Italian artist Guido Reni paints the fresco Aurora in the Casino Rospigliosi in Rome.
1616	Netherlands	The Dutch painter Frans Hals paints The Banquet of the Officers of the Archers of Saint George.
1618	Spain	The Spanish artist Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velázquez paints Old Woman Frying Eggs and Christ in the House of Martha.
c. 1620	Mogul Empire, India	The Mogul artist Padarath paints the miniature The Mountain Sheep.
c. 1620	Italy	The Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi paints Judith Beheading Holofernes.
c. 1629	Netherlands, Germany	The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints Self-Portrait (Munich), one of the earliest of his many self-portraits.
1630	Flanders	The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens paints The Garden of Love.
1631	Flanders	The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens paints Self-Portrait with Hélèn Fourment and his Son Nicolas in their Garden.
1632	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp.
1635	Spain	The Spanish artist Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velázquez paints Surrender of Breda.
c. 1635	France	The French artist Nicolas Poussin paints The Rape of the Sabine Women.
1638	Flanders	The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens paints Hélèn Fourment in a Fur Wrap.
1639	France	The French artist Nicolas Poussin paints Et in Arcadia Ego/And I Too have Been in Arcadia (The Arcadian Shepherds).
1641	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Frans Hals paints The Governors of Saint Elizabeth Hospital.
1642	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch, better known as The Night Watch.
1648	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Paulus Potter paints Cow Reflected in the Water
1648	France	French artist Nicolas Poussin paints The Burial of Phocion.
1654	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints Portrait of Jan Six and Woman Bathing in a Stream.
1666	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints The Jewish Bride and Portrait of Titus.
c. 1670	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Jan Vermeer paints The Lace-maker, The Letter, and Lady Writing a Letter.
1717	France	The French artist Antoine Watteau paints Embarkation for the Isle of Cythera (Louvre version). This and similar works create a new category in art, the fête galante, a scene of amorous dalliance in an ideal landscape or romantic garden.
1725	Italy	The Italian artist Rosalba Carriera paints Self-Portrait with an Image of the Artist's Sister.
1728	France	French artist Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin paints The Rayfish, Cat, and Kitchen Utensils.
c. 1729	Italy	Italian artist Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal) paints The Rialto Bridge from the South.
1735	England	English artist William Hogarth completes his cycle of eight paintings The Rake's Progress, made popular by subsequent widely-circulated engravings.
1738	France	French artist Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin paints The Governess.
1740	England	English artist William Hogarth paints Portrait of Captain Coram and Portrait of Mary Edwards.
1762	England	The English artist George Stubbs paints Mares and Foals Without a Background and Whistlejacket.
1767	England	The English artist Joseph Wright of Derby paints An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump.
1770	America	The American artist Benjamin West paints The Death of General Wolfe, which is an important break with tradition. Instead of representing an important recent event through an event in Greek or Roman mythology or history, he depicts the death of the British conqueror of Quebec in contemporary terms.
1771	America	The American artist Benjamin West paints William Penn's Treaty with the Indians.
1778	Japan	The Japanese artist and poet Yosa Buson paints the hand scroll The Narrow Path into the Back Country.
1781	Switzerland, UK	The Swiss-born British artist Henry Fuseli (Johann Heinrich Füssli) paints The Nightmare. Capturing the Gothic mood of the period, it is one of the most vivid and macabre images of early Romanticism.
1784	England	The English artist Joshua Reynolds paints his portrait of Sarah Siddons (a well-known actor) as The Tragic Muse.
1784	France	The French neoclassical artist Jacques-Louis David paints one of his best-known works, The Oath of the Horatii.
1793	France	The French artist Jacques-Louis David paints The Death of Marat, depicting the assassinated revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat dead in his bath.
1793	Spain	The Spanish artist Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes paints Burial of the Sardine.
1797	USA	The US artist John Trumbull completes his painting The Declaration of Independence, one of the best-known images of the period.
1799	Spain	The Spanish artist Francesco de Goya publishes Los caprichos, a set of etchings that bitterly satirize Spanish society and the church. They are seized by the Inquisition.
1800	England	The English artist George Stubbs paints Hambletonian, Rubbing Down.
1805	Spain	The Spanish artist Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes paints The Clothed Maja and The Nude Maja. He is summoned by the Inquisition and asked to explain why he has painted a nude (a rare subject in Spanish art).
1808	France	The French artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres paints The Valpinçon Bather and Oedipus and the Sphinx.
1808	Germany	The German artist Caspar David Friedrich paints The Cross on the Mountains and becomes one of the leading exponents of German Romanticism.
1811	England	The English artist John Constable paints Dedham Vale, Morning.
c. 1812	England	The English artist J M W Turner paints Snowstorm: Hannibal Crossing the Alps.
1814	Spain	The Spanish artist Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes paints The 2nd of May, 1808 and The 3rd of May, 1808. Both pictures depict atrocities carried out by the French during their invasion of Spain. He also paints Portrait of King Ferdinand VII of Spain in the Uniform of a General
1817	England	The English artist John Constable paints Flatford Mill.
c. 1818	Germany	The German artist Caspar David Friedrich paints Wanderer above the Sea of Fog.
1820	Spain	The Spanish artist Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes paints Saturn Devouring One of His Children. This is one of the ‘Black Pictures’ he paints on the walls of his own house, private works that are dark, savage, and violent.
1820	France	The French artist Théodore Géricault completes his painting The Raft of the Medusa, a grim depiction of a recent shipwreck. It becomes one of the major works of Romanticism.
1821	England	The English artist John Constable paints The Hay Wain, one of his best-known works, and Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds.
1824	France	The French artist Eugène Delacroix paints The Massacre at Chios, a depiction of a contemporary event from the Great War of Independence.
1824	Germany	The German artist Caspar David Friedrich paints Arctic Shipwreck.
1825	England	The English artist John Constable paints Leaping Horse.
1827	France	The French artist Eugène Delacroix paints The Death of Sardanapalus.
1830	France	The French artist Eugène Delacroix paints Liberty Leading the People and Portrait of Baron Schwitters.
c. 1830	England	The English artist J M W Turner paints Music at Petworth.
1830	England	The English artist Samuel Palmer paints Coming from Evening Church.
1834	France	The French artist and caricaturist Honoré Daumier publishes his lithograph Rue Transnonain, 14 April 1834.
c. 1834	USA	The US artist Edward Hicks paints The Peaceable Kingdom, one of the best-known images of US naive art. He paints this scene several times.
c. 1838	England	The English artist J M W Turner paints The Fighting Téméraire.
1844	England	The English artist J M W Turner paints Rain, Steam, and Speed, the first major art work to feature a train.
c. 1845	USA	The US artist George Caleb Bingham paints Fur Traders Descending the Missouri.
1850	England	The English artist John Everett Millais paints Christ in the House of his Parents.
1852	England	The English artist Ford Madox Brown paints The Last of England.
1854	England	The English artist John Everett Millais paints Ophelia.
1858	England	The English artist William Powell Frith paints Derby Day, commemorating the annual horse race at Epsom, England.
1859	France	The French artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres paints The Turkish Bath.
1859	France	The French artist Jean-François Millet paints The Angelus. Through reproductions, this becomes one of the best-known images in late 19th-century France.
1862	France	The French artist Edouard Manet paints Lola de Valence and Olympia, a painting of a naked prostitute. Refused by the official Academy, it is exhibited in 1863 at the ‘Salon des Refusés’, where it causes a public outcry.
1863	France	The French artist Edouard Manet paints Déjeuner sur l'herbe/Luncheon on the Grass. It causes an outcry when it is exhibited in the Salon in 1865, where it is condemned as badly painted and obscene because of its composition of nude female figures and male figures in everyday dress. He also paints Spanish Dancers.
1863	England	The English artist and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti paints Beata Beatrix/Blessed Beatrix.
1868	France	The French artist Edouard Manet paints The Execution of Emperor Maximilian.
1869	France	The French artist Edgar Degas paints The Orchestra of the Opéra.
1871	USA	The US artist Thomas Eakins paints Max Schmitt in a Single Scull.
1872	France	The French artist Edgar Degas paints Dancing Class at the Ballet School.
1872	USA	The US artist Winslow Homer paints Snap the Whip.
1872	France	The French artist Claude Monet paints Impression: Sunrise. It is this painting that gives Impressionism its name.
1872	USA	The US artist James Abbot McNeill Whistler paints Arrangement in Grey and Black No 1: The Artist's Mother.
1873	France	The French artist Paul Cézanne paints The House of the Hanged Man and A Modern Olympia.
1873	France	The French artist Edgar Degas paints The Cotton Office.
1874	France	The first Impressionist exhibition is held in Paris, France, with works by (among others) Cézanne, Degas, Pissarro, and Sisley.
c. 1874	USA	The US artist James Abbot McNeill Whistler paints Nocturne in Black and Gold: Falling Rocket. This picture is attacked by the English art critic John Ruskin as ‘a pot of paint... flung in the public's face’. Whistler sues for libel, and though he wins his case, he is awarded only a farthing (quarter of a penny) in damages.
1877	France	The French artist Claude Monet paints Gare St Lazare.
1881	France	The French artist Edouard Manet paints Bar at the Folies-Bergères.
1883	Russia	The Russian artist Ilya Yefimovich Repin paints The Return of the Exile.
1884	France	The French artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir paints Umbrellas.
1884	USA	The US artist John Singer Sargent paints Madame X (Madame Gautreau).
1885	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints The Potato Eaters.
1886	France	The French artist Georges Seurat paints Sunday on the Island of Grande Jatte.
1886	France	The French artist Henri Rousseau paints Carnival Evening.
1887	Netherlands, France	The Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints Portrait of Père Tanguy.
1888	France	The French artist Paul Gauguin paints Vision After The Sermon and The Awakening of Spring.
1888	Netherlands, France	The Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints Sunflowers and The Night Café.
1890	France	The French artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec paints Dance at the Moulin Rouge.
1892	France	The French artist Paul Gauguin paints The Spirit of the Dead Watching.
1892	USA	The US artist Mary Cassatt paints The Bath.
1894	Norway	The Norwegian artist Edvard Munch paints Anguish.
1894	France	The French artist Claude Monet paints his Rouen Cathedral series.
1896	France	The French artist Paul Cézanne paints The Great Pine and The Lake at Annecy.
1897	France	The French artist Henri Rousseau paints Sleeping Gypsy.
1897	France	The French artist Paul Gauguin paints Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?
1898	France	The French artist Odilon Redon paints The Cyclops.
1899	USA	The US artist John Singer Sargent paints The Wyndham Sisters: Lady Elcho, Mrs Adeane, and Mrs Tennant.
1899	USA	The US artist Winslow Homer paints The Gulf Stream.
1899	France	The French artist Claude Monet paints Water Lilies, the first of a long series that occupy him for the rest of his life (he dies in 1926).
1901		The Norwegian artist Edvard Munch paints Girls on the Bridge.
1902		The US artist Robert Henri paints West 57th Street, New York.
1904		The French artist Henri Matisse paints Luxe, Calme et Volupté/Luxury, Calm and Voluptuousness.
1905		The expressionist art group Die Brücke (‘The Bridge’) is formed in Dresden, Germany. The group includes the artists Ernst Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. It is dissolved in 1913.
1905		The French artist Henri Matisse paints Portrait of Madame Matisse (The Green Line).
1905		The French artist Paul Cézanne paints The Great Bathers.
1906		The French artist Pierre Auguste Renoir paints Nude (After the Bathe).
1906		The French artist André Derain paints The Port of London.
1906		The German artist Paula Modersohn-Becker paints Old Poorhouse Woman with Glass Bottle and Poppy.
1907		The French artist Henri Rousseau paints The Snake Charmer.
1907		The Spanish artist Pablo Picasso paints Les Demoiselles d'Avignon/The Women of Avignon, one of the central works of 20th-century art.
1907		The US artist George Wesley Bellows paints Stag at Sharkey's.
1908		The French artist Georges Braque paints the cubist landscape Trees at L'Estaques, one of a series painted at L'Estaques in France.
1908		The French artist Pierre Auguste Renoir paints Portrait of Ambroise Vollard.
1908		The French artist Henri (Le Douanier) Rousseau paints Football Players.
1910		The Italian artist Umberto Boccioni paints Riot in the Galleria and The City Rises.
1910		The Spanish artist Pablo Picasso paints Portrait of Ambroise Vollard and Portrait of D H Kahnweiler.
1910		The French artist Henri Matisse paints The Dance.
1911		The Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky paints Improvisation 21a and Composition IV. It is at this time, in a series of paintings called Compositions and Improvisations, that Kandinsky develops his own form of abstract art.
1912		The French artist Georges Braque creates the first papiers-collés (paintings that incorporate pieces of paper), exemplified by works such as Fruit Dish and Glass.
1914		The Italian artist Giorgio de Chirico paints The Enigma of a Day and Portrait of Guillaume Apollinaire.
1917		The Italian artist Giorgio de Chirico paints Disquieting Muses.
1919		The French artist Marcel Duchamp creates the work L H O O Q, a reproduction of the painting Mona Lisa, on which he has painted a moustache.
1923		The German artist Max Beckmann paints Self-Portrait with Cigarette.
1925		The German artist Otto Dix paints Three Prostitutes on the Street.
1925		The Russian artist Chaim Soutine paints Carcass of Beef.
1926		The German artist George Grosz paints Pillars of Society.
1926		The US artist Georgia O'Keeffe paints Black Iris.
1926		The English artist Stanley Spencer paints The Resurrection, Cookham.
1926		The US artist Edward Hopper paints Sunday.
1929		The Swiss artist Paul Klee draws Fool in a Trance with one continuous line.
1929		The Belgian artist René Magritte paints The Treachery of Images (Ceci n'est pas une pipe/This is not a Pipe) and On the Threshold of Liberty.
1929		The Dutch artist Piet Mondrian paints Composition with Yellow and Blue.
1930		The Russian artist Marc Chagall paints Lovers in the Lilacs.
1930		The US artist Grant Wood paints American Gothic, which becomes an icon of US life, and Stone City, Iowa.
1930		The US artist Edward Hopper paints Early Sunday Morning.
1931		The Spanish artist Salvador Dalí paints The Persistence of Memory, one of his best-known works.
1933		The Mexican artist Diego Rivera completes murals in the Rockefeller Center, New York City. They are soon overpainted because they contain a portrait of the Soviet leader Lenin.
1935		The English artist Stanley Spencer paints St Francis and the Birds.
1937	Austria	The Austrian artist Oskar Kokoschka paints Portrait of a ‘Degenerate Artist’, a self-portrait.
1937	France	The French artist Pierre Bonnard paints Nude in the Bath, one of many pictures on a theme for which he becomes famous.
1938	Belgium	The Belgian artist Paul Delvaux paints The Call of the Night.
1941	Spain	The Spanish artist Joan Miró completes his series of paintings Constellations.
1942	France	The French artist Georges Braque paints Kitchen Table.
1942	USA	The US artist Edward Hopper paints Nighthawks.
1943	Netherlands	The Dutch artist Piet Mondrian completes his painting Broadway Boogie-Woogie.
1944	Netherlands, USA	The Dutch-born US artist Willem de Kooning paints Pink Lady.
1945	France	The French artist Henri Matisse paints The Romanian Blouse.
1947	USA	The US artist Jackson Pollock paints Cathedral. This is one of the earliest examples of his characteristic drip-and-splash style of abstract expressionism.
1949	USA	The US artist Robert Motherwell begins his series Elegy to the Spanish Republic.
1949	France	The French artist Georges Braque paints Atelier II, one of the Ateliers/Studios series he paints between the late 1940s and 1956.
1950	USA	The US artist Jackson Pollock paints Autumn Rhythm: No. 30.
1951	England	The German-born English artist Lucian Freud paints Interior Near Paddington.
1952	USA	The Dutch-born US artist Willem de Kooning paints Woman with Lipstick.
1954	USA	The US artist Mark Rothko paints Untitled: Yellow, Orange, Red on Orange.
1955	USA	The US artist Jasper Johns paints the first of his Flag, Target, and Number series, including Target with Four Faces.
1956	France	The French artist Yves Klein creates the first of his blue monochrome paintings. He patents the colour in 1960 as YKB (Yves Klein Blue).
1960	England	The English artist David Hockney paints Adhesiveness.
1964	USA	The US artist Andy Warhol creates his Brillo Boxes, wooden boxes covered with silkscreen prints meant to imitate commercial cardboard boxes. He also creates the silkscreens Jackie, Race Riots, and Flowers.
1966	USA	The US artist Robert Indiana paints LOVE.
1968	England	The English artist Richard Hamilton paints Swingeing London.
1974	USA	The US artist R B Kitaj paints Arcades (after Walter Benjamin).
1977	England	The German-born English artist Frank Auerbach paints Camden Theatre in the Rain.
1979	USA	The US artist Judy Chicago completes the book The Dinner Party, one of the leading expressions of feminist art.
1981	England	The German-born English artist Lucian Freud paints Naked Girl with Dog.
1983	Germany	The German artist Jorg Immendorf paints Café Deutschland Hörerwunsch.
1983	Russia	The Russian artists Vitaly Komar and Aleksandr Melamid paint The Origin of Socialist Realism.
8 November 2000	USA	Pablo Picasso's painting Femme aux bras croisés/Woman with crossed arms fetches US$39 million at Christie's saleroom in New York. At twice its pre-sale estimate, it is the highest price ever paid at auction for the Spanish artist's work.
23 January 2003	USA	Descent into Limbo, a rare painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Andrea Mantegna, sells for about US$28 million at auction in New York City. It is more than double the previous record for a work by the 15th century painter.
6 April 2006	USA	A view of Venice, Italy, entitled Giudecca, La Donna della Salute and San Giorgio by J M W Turner fetches £20.5 million at auction in New York, a record sum for a painting by the English landscape artist.

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