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political parties - events| 17 December 1834 | UK | The British prime minister, Robert Peel, issues the Tamworth Manifesto. Ostensibly an address to his constituents, it redefines the orientation of the Tory Party, giving it a policy of liberal conservatism, accepting the Reform Act of 1832, and agreeing to pass more equitable reforms. | | 10 October 1857 | UK, USA | The Irish Republican Brotherhood (whose members are known as Fenians) is founded in New York City to fight for Irish independence from Britain | | 13 January 1893 | UK | The Independent Labour Party is formed under (James) Keir Hardie at a conference in Bradford, England. | | 5 March 1894 | UK | The British prime minister William Ewart Gladstone resigns after having split the Liberal Party over Irish Home Rule, and Lord Rosebery, a Liberal Unionist, becomes prime minister, with William Harcourt as leader of the Commons. | | 17 November 1903 | Russian Empire | The Russian Social Democratic Party splits into the Mensheviks (‘minority’), led by Grigory Plekhanov, and the Bolsheviks (‘majority’), led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, at their London congress. The latter group favours a violent seizure of power. | | 4 April 1904 | Australia | John Christian Watson becomes the world's first Labour prime minister, in Australia. | | 2 March 1919 | | The Communist Third International (Comintern) is founded to encourage world revolution. The debate over affiliation to this body will mark the split between socialist and communist movements and parties. | | 23 March 1919 | Italy | Benito Mussolini founds the Fasci d'Italiani di Combattimento, an Italian fascist movement. | | 1 March 1931 | United Kingdom | The former Labour Party member Oswald Mosley launches the New Party in Britain; the party is modelled on European authoritarian movements and advocates a much greater government role in job creation through reinflationary policies. | | 27 February 1974 | Sweden | A new constitution is introduced in Sweden, which strips the monarchy of all its remaining powers. | | 5 March 1974 | UK | Harold Wilson forms a minority Labour government in Britain, with James Callaghan as foreign secretary, Denis Healey as chancellor of the Exchequer, Roy Jenkins as home secretary, and Michael Foot as employment secretary. | | 26 March 1981 | UK | The British Social Democratic Party (SDP) is officially launched, with a programme including an incomes policy, the adoption of a proportional representation voting system, and support for the European Community and NATO. | | August 1983 | South Africa | The multiracial United Democratic Front is formed under Allan Boesak in South Africa. Opposed to apartheid, it attracts 2 million members in affiliated clubs, societies, and churches. | | 13 February 1984 | USSR | Konstantin Chernenko is named first secretary of the Soviet Communist Party following the death of Yuri Andropov. | | 6 November 2003 | UK | Michael Howard is confirmed as the new leader of the opposition Conservative Party in the UK. |
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