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ringi| Written recommendation urging a specific course of action, used in ringisei, a Japanese decision-making process that involves circulating proposals within the organization for their initialling by the participants. This is an example of the Japanese tradition of decision-making from the bottom-up by consensus. |
| Under this system, any changes in procedures, routines, tactics, or even strategies are originated by those directly concerned with the effects of those changes. A final decision is taken after an elaborate examination of the proposal through successively higher echelons of the management structure. |
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