total internal reflection
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Total internal reflection occurs at the boundary of two transparent substances when a) the incident ray is in the substance with the higher refractive index and b) the angle of incidence exceeds a particular angle known as the critical angle. The critical angle for glass is 42° and for water, about 48°.
Complete reflection of a beam of light that occurs from the surface of an optically ‘less dense’ material. For example, a beam from an underwater light source can be reflected from the surface of the water, rather than escaping through the surface. Total internal reflection can only happen if a light beam hits a surface at an angle greater than the critical angle for that particular pair of materials.
Total internal reflection is used as a means of reflecting light inside prisms and optical fibres. Light is contained inside an optical fibre not by the cladding around it, but by the ability of the internal surface of the glass-fibre core to reflect 100% of the light, thereby keeping it trapped inside the fibre.
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