treaties - events

c. 486 BC	Rome	The Romans make a treaty with the tribe of the Hernici, who live in the Trerus valley southeast of Rome, between the powerful tribes of the Volsci on the coast and the Aequi in the mountains between the Trerus and Anio rivers. This treaty prevents the Hernici being crushed between its two powerful neighbours and gives Rome a buffer state between its enemies. The triple alliance of Rome, the Latins, and the Hernici fights intermittent wars with the Aequi and Volsci for the next century.
477 BC	Greece	The Delian League, an alliance of Greek states around the Aegean Sea, is formed to continue the fight against the Persians. Although formally all the allies have an equal say, the confederacy is very much under the leadership of Athenian politician Cimon.
371 BC	Greece	The Greek city-states of Sparta and Athens make peace, another Peace of Callias (the first being that of 449 BC). The treaty is again named after one of the Athenian envoys.
189 BC	Asia Minor, Rome, Carthage	Following the defeat of King Antiochus III the Great of Syria at Magnesia, an armistice is concluded between the king and the Romans. Antiochus agrees to withdraw from Asia Minor beyond the River Taurus, to pay a large indemnity, and to surrender the Carthaginian general Hannibal. Hannibal is forced to flee from the Seleucid court and seeks refuge first in Crete and then with the king of Bithynia in Asia Minor. Antiochus has now lost all of Asia Minor.
64 BC–AD c. 52	Syria, Palestine, Seleucid Kingdom, Rome	The Roman general Pompey the Great arrives at Antioch in Syria and dictates terms: King Antiochus XIII of Syria is deposed and the Seleucid dynasty ends. Syria becomes part of the Roman provinces. Hyrcanus II and his brother Aristobulus II, rival claimants for the Hasmonaean throne of Judaea, bring their claims before Pompey. Pompey supports the claim of Hyrcanus, but makes Palestine into a Roman province, appointing Hyrcanus as high priest of the Jews but the Idumean Antipater as governor of Roman Judaea.
10 October 40 BC	Rome	The Pact of Brundisium is arranged by the Roman triumvir Octavian's friend Maecenas, reconciling the three members of the Second Triumvirate and slightly rearranging their territories and commands of troops. Transalpine Gaul is removed from Mark Antony and given to Octavian. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus remains with Africa. Octavian gives his sister Octavia in marriage to Mark Antony to help cement the alliance again.
39 BC	Rome, Sicily	The Treaty of Misenum is signed between the Roman triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian and Sextus Pompeius, the son of the soldier and politician Pompey the Great. Pompeius has held possession of Sicily and Sardinia since the death of the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, constantly interrupting Rome's vital corn supply. It is agreed that Pompeius will be given a proconsular command for five years in Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, and Achaea. Octavian soon breaks the treaty, accepting Sardinia from a treacherous governor.
8 August 843	Carolingian Empire	The Treaty of Verdun settles the quarrels of the heirs of the late Frankish emperor Louis I the Pious over their inheritance. Lothair I retains the title of emperor and receives ‘the Middle Kingdom’ (Italy, lands between the Rhine and Rhône–Saône–Scheldt, and Frisia, including the imperial capitals Rome and Aachen), while Louis the German receives the East Frankish Kingdom (Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria, and Carinthia) and Charles II the Bald receives the West Frankish Kingdom (Neustria, Aquitaine, Gascony, and the Spanish March).
24 May 1013	Germany, Holy Roman Empire, Poland	The Peace of Merseberg is signed. Boleslaw Chrobry (the Brave) of Poland pays homage to King Henry II of Germany and is permitted to retain all his conquests with the exception of Bohemia. He is now free to make war in Russia.
29 June 1080	Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Papal States, Italy, Apulia	In the Treaty of Ceprano, Pope Gregory VII makes an alliance against King Henry IV of Germany with Robert Guiscard, the Norman duke of Apulia, and recognizes his conquests in southern Italy and Sicily.
1175	Ireland, England, Normandy	By the Treaty of Windsor, Rory O'Connor, High King of Ireland recognizes King Henry II of England's conquests in the east of Ireland but is permitted to retain dominion over the territories not under Anglo-Norman occupation on payment of tribute.
23 July 1177	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Sicily	In the Treaty of Venice, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa makes a truce with the Lombard League of northern Italy and Sicily.
25 June 1183	Holy Roman Empire, Italy	By the Treaty of Constance, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa makes peace with the Lombard League of northern Italy, granting its cities self-government in return for an oath of allegiance.
7 July 1185	France, Flanders	By the Treaty of Boves with Count Philip of Flanders, King Philip II of France acquires Amiens and other lands and titles in northeast France, thus doubling the extent of the royal domain.
13 January 1199	England, France	King Richard I the Lionheart of England and King Philip II of France meet on the River Seine near Andeli to make a treaty of truce: Philip concedes Richard's recent gains.
8 June 1201	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Germany	By the Diploma of Neuss, King Otto IV cedes imperial authority in Italy to the papacy. In return, Pope Innocent III agrees to recognize Otto as ‘king of the Romans’ (king of Germany) instead of his rival Philip Hohenstaufen, Duke of Swabia.
19 November 1212	Germany, France, England, Holy Roman Empire	By the Treaty of Toul, Frederick II, Duke of Hohenstaufen, King of Sicily, and King Philip II of France make an alliance against King John of England and the Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV.
12 September 1217	England, France	By the Treaty of Kingston, the English rebels make peace with King Henry III of England and the French dauphin Louis is paid to leave England.
11 April 1229	France, Toulouse	The Treaty of Paris ends the Albigensian Crusade against the Albigensian (Cathar) heretics of Languedoc, southern France; Count Raymond VII of Toulouse submits to King Louis IX of France, ceding the duchy of Narbonne.
23 July 1230	Holy Roman Empire, Sicily, Papal States, Italy	By the Treaty of Ceprano, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II makes concessions to the church in Sicily and agrees to respect the borders of the Papal States; in return Pope Gregory IX lifts his sentence of excommunication.
4 December 1259	France, England	King Louis IX of France and King Henry III of England make peace in the Treaty of Paris. Henry renounces Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and other lost Angevin territories in France and does homage for Gascony to Louis, who cedes lands on its eastern borders which cannot be precisely defined.
13 March 1261	Nicaean Empire, Genoa	By the Treaty of Nymphaeum, the Genoese undertake to assist the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus to recover the city of Constantinople from the Latin Empire in return for trading concessions hitherto enjoyed by the Venetians.
2 July 1266	Scotland, Norway	By the Treaty of Perth agreed with King Alexander III of Scotland, King Magnus VI of Norway renounces his claims to the Hebrides and the Isle of Man. This ends the last stage of the growth of the monarchy of Scotland.
29 September 1267	England, Wales	By the Treaty of Montgomery, King Henry III of England recognizes Llywelyn ap Gruffydd as prince of Wales and as his vassal.
4 April 1268	Nicaean Empire, Venice, Genoa	The Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus makes peace with the Venetians and restores their trading privileges, though at the same time keeping a similar treaty with Genoa. This double treaty gives distinct political and trading advantages to the Nicaeans.
1 November 1270	Sicily, North Africa	Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, now leader of the Eighth Crusade to the Holy Land after the death of King Louis IX of France, makes a peace treaty with the emir of Tunis, intending to direct the crusade fleet towards Constantinople. The emir resumes payment of the tribute formerly paid to the Hohenstaufen kings of Sicily.
25 November 1276	Germany, Austria, Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, Moravia	Following King Rudolf I of Germany's siege of Vienna and a revolt in Bohemia, King Ottokar II of Bohemia, by the Treaty of Vienna, surrenders Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and all his other lands except Bohemia and Moravia, for which he does homage to Rudolf. Rudolf then makes Vienna the capital of his Habsburg lands.
9 November 1277	England	Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales, submits to King Edward I of England in the Treaty of Conway. He is forced to give up all his claims to the kingship of Wales.
3 July 1281	Venice, Sicily, Italy, Latin Empire of Constantinople, Byzantine Empire	By the Treaty of Orvieto, the Venetians undertake to assist Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, to restore the Latin Empire in Constantinople. Pope Martin IV declares Michael VIII Palaeologus, the Byzantine emperor, deposed.
24 August 1294	England, Holy Roman Empire, France	In the Treaty of Nuremberg, King Edward I of England and the Holy Roman Emperor Adolf I of Nassau make an alliance against France.
5 July 1295	Scotland, France	Scotland and France seal a treaty of alliance (the ‘Auld Alliance’).
24 September 1302	Sicily, Naples, Italy	Following the destruction of Charles of Valois's army by malaria, a truce between Charles of Naples and Frederick II of Sicily is made by the Treaty of Caltabellotta. Frederick's kingdom is named Trinacria. This ends the war of the ‘Sicilian Vespers’. Frederick's Catalan mercenary troops, now unemployed, form the Grand Company and go to Greece.
20 May 1303	France, England	King Philip IV of France and King Edward I of England make peace in the Treaty of Paris, in which the French duchy of Gascony is restored to Edward for which he must pay fealty to Philip.
6 June 1305	France, Flanders	In the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge, King Philip IV of France restores Flanders to Robert of Béthune for the payment of an indemnity.
31 March 1327	France	Under the Treaty of Paris, King Charles IV of France and King Edward III of England end the ‘war of Saint-Sardos’ and restore Gascony to English rule.
15 July 1337	France, Holy Roman Empire, England	Under the Treaty of Valenciennes King Ludwig IV of Bavaria and King Edward III of England become allies against France.
30 November 1369	Denmark, Germany, Holy Roman Empire, Norway, Sweden	Under the Treaty of Stralsund, King Waldemar IV of Denmark makes peace on terms favourable to the Hanse and its allies, who have conquered Scania, Sweden.
16 June 1373	England, Portugal	Under the Treaty of London, England and Portugal make a perpetual alliance.
15 January 1381	France	Under the Treaty of Vincennes, John de Montfort ends his rebellion and is recognized by King Charles VI of France as Duke of Brittany. Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham, accordingly vacates Brittany, leaving a garrison in Brest, France. A truce of six years is made with France.
1383	Poland, Lithuania	Poland and Lithuania unite under the Treaty of Volkovysk. Queen Jadwiga of Poland marries Grand Prince Jagiello of Lithuania, and Lithuania accepts Christianity, so ending the crusades of the Teutonic Knights, whose expansion prompted the union.
18 December 1385	Burgundy, Flanders	The Peace of Tournai between Philip the Bold of Burgundy and the weavers of Ghent, Flanders, ends a period of social upheaval in Flanders.
12 March 1396	France, England	A treaty of truce for 28 years is made between France and England. Isabella, the daughter of King Charles VI of France, is betrothed to King Richard II of England.
18 May 1412	England, France, Burgundy, Holy Roman Empire	By the Treaty of Eltham, King Henry IV of England makes an alliance with the ‘Armagnacs’ (supporters of the late Louis, Duke of Orléans) against the duchy of Burgundy, France.
20 November 1441	Milan, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Venice	By the Treaty of Cavriana (published 10 December), Milan and Venice make peace through the mediation of Francesco Sforza, the Venetian captain, who has married Bianca, daughter and heir of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan.
28 May 1444	France, England, France	By the Treaty of Tours, King Charles VII of France makes a truce for two years with King Henry VI of England, who becomes engaged to marry Margaret, daughter of René I, Duke of Anjou.
2 March 1455	Italy	Pope Nicholas V proclaims and joins the ‘Italian League’ formed by Milan, Venice, and Florence following the Peace of Lodi of 1454, to which the kingdom of Naples soon adheres. The League, which is to last for 25 years, is a pact against internecine (mutually destructive) warfare and foreign invasion, with permanent diplomatic representation between its members.
4 September 1479	Castile, Spain, Portugal	The Peace of Alcáçovas favours Isabella I, ending the succession struggle in Castile between Afonso V of Portugal and Ferdinand V and Isabella I, and Afonso tries to abdicate from the throne of Portugal. Under the agreement, the Atlantic islands are apportioned. The Canary Islands go to Castile, while Madeira, the Cape Verdes, and the Azores are retained by Portugal.
23 December 1482	France, Holy Roman Empire	By the Treaty of Arras, King Louis XI of France and the Habsburg regent Maximilian agree the partition of the Burgundian lands. Maximilian's daughter Margaret is to marry the dauphin (soon to be Charles VIII), taking as her dowry Artois and the Franche-Comté. Maximilian's infant son Philip is to retain the Netherlands, while the duchy of Burgundy, with Picardy and the Boullonais, will go to France.
7 November 1491	Hungary	Maximilian, King of the Romans, is unable to pay his mercenaries and abandons his attempt to conquer Hungary. He recognizes Wladyslaw (Ulászló) II as king of Hungary in the Treaty of Bratislava, which also states that the throne is to revert to the Habsburgs if Wladyslaw dies without an heir.
23 May 1493	France, Holy Roman Empire	King Charles VIII of France restores Artois and Franche-Comté (the county of Burgundy) to the Holy Roman Empire under the Treaty of Senlis. He received it as the dowry of Margaret of Austria, whom he has now forsaken for Anne of Brittany.
7 June 1494	Spain, Portugal	Under the Treaty of Tordesillas, Spain and Portugal amend the earlier papal rulings on the division of the New World. Portugal is to have all lands east of a longitudinal line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde, and Spain is to have the rest.
31 March 1495	Italy, Papal States, Spain, Ottoman Empire, France	Pope Alexander VI forms the League of Venice with the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Venice, and Milan, ostensibly to fight the Ottoman Turks, but actually aimed at expelling King Charles VIII of France from Italy.
5 August 1498	France, Spain	King Louis XII of France and Ferdinand of Aragon sign the Treaty of Marcoussis, which ends the effectiveness of the League of Venice. They begin to plan a Franco-Spanish partition of the kingdom of Naples.
11 November 1500	France, Spain, Naples	The secret Treaty of Granada between King Louis XII of France and King Ferdinand II of Aragon provides for the conquest and partition of the kingdom of Naples; France is to have the northern half; the Abruzzi, the Terra di Lavoro, and the city of Naples, and Spain is to have Apulia and Calabria.
25 June 1501	Papal States, Naples, Italy, France, Spain	Pope Alexander VI ratifies the secret Treaty of Granada (of 11 November 1500), which provides for the partition of the kingdom of Naples between France and Spain. He proclaims King Louis XII of France king of Naples and his son Cesare Borgia ‘Duke of Romagna’; Louis XII recognizes Cesare Borgia's conquests in the Romagna, northern Italy.
10 August 1501	France, Holy Roman Empire	The first of several treaties is made for the marriage of the infant Charles of Austria (the future emperor Charles V), son of Philip (‘the Handsome’), Archduke of Austria and Duke of Burgundy, grandson of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and the infant daughter Claude of King Louis XII of France.
20 August 1503	Venice, Italy, Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Balkans	Venice, Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire conclude a peace. Under the treaty Venice is to abandon Lepanto, Modon, Coron, and Navarino in Morea (the Peloponnese, Greece) and Durazzo in Albania, but retain Cephalonia. Hungary agrees a seven-year truce with the Turks.
22 September 1504	France, Holy Roman Empire	King Louis XII of France, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and his son Philip (‘the Handsome’), Archduke of Austria and Duke of Burgundy, sign the Treaty of Blois. Louis's daughter Claude is to marry Philip's son Charles (the future emperor Charles V); if Louis dies without a son, Charles and Claude are to succeed to Milan, Blois, and Brittany. By a secret treaty Louis is allowed to retain Milan for 100,000 ducats, and agrees a joint attack on Naples with Maximilian.
5 April 1513	Holy Roman Empire, England, Spain, Papal States, Italy, France, Spanish Netherlands	The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, King Henry VIII of England, King Ferdinand II of Spain, and Pope Leo X form an alliance (the second Holy Alliance) for a joint invasion of France, by the Treaty of Mechelin. The regent of the Netherlands, Anne of Austria, declares her territories neutral.
7 November 1515	France, Swiss Confederation	The Swiss Confederation makes peace with France by the Treaty of Geneva; the Swiss recognize King Francis I of France's right to the Italian duchy of Milan and in return are allowed to keep most of their southern conquests (equivalent to modern Ticino canton).
13 December 1516	Spain, France, Holy Roman Empire, Venice, Italy	The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I accedes to the Treaty of Noyon agreed in August between King Francis I of France and King Charles I of Spain, overturning an agreement with England reached in October in the Treaty of Brussels. He waives his claims in Italy for 200,000 ducats, handing over the city of Verona to Venice.
2 October 1518	England, France, Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Papal States, Italy, Europe, Ottoman Empire	In the Treaty of London drawn up by the English Lord Chancellor, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, King Henry VIII of England, King Francis I of France, King Charles I of Spain, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Pope Leo X agree to join in a crusade against the Turks with all other European powers.
1524	Denmark-Norway, Sweden	King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway confirms the independence of Sweden under King Gustavus I Vasa in the Treaty of Malmö, mediated by the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, thus ending the Union of Kalmar (Denmark-Norway and Sweden, united in 1397).
14 January 1526	Spain, France, Burgundy, Naples, Milan, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Genoa, Spanish Netherlands	King Francis I of France is forced by his captor, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, to sign the Treaty of Madrid; he promises to surrender the duchy of Burgundy and his claims to Naples, Milan, Asti, Genoa, Flanders, and Artois, and to aid neither Henri d'Albret, claimant to the throne of Navarre, nor the rebel Charles of Egmont, Duke of Guelders. He also pledges to return the sequestered lands to Charles, duc de Bourbon.
22 April 1529	Spain, Portugal, Pacific	Against the opposition of the Spanish Cortes (parliament), the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who is also King Charles I of Spain, signs the Treaty of Zaragoza with King John III of Portugal, dividing the Pacific into respective spheres of influence; for 350,000 ducats Spain is to leave the Moluccas and any territories up to 15 degrees east of them.
29 June 1529	Papal States, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Naples, Hungary, Bohemia, Milan, Florence, Habsburg Monarchy, Italy	Pope Clement VII submits to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in the Treaty of Barcelona, by which he agrees to crown Charles V and invest him with the kingdom of Naples, and to recognize his brother Ferdinand as king of Hungary and Bohemia, and accepts that the Habsburgs will receive the Italian duchy of Milan after the death of Duke Francesco II Sforza. In return, the Pope's family, the Medici, are to be restored in Florence, taking the title of duke, and the Pope is to regain the allegiance of the papal towns of Italy.
3 August 1529	France, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Spanish Netherlands, Portugal, Burgundy, Savoy, Spain	Louise of Savoy, mother of King Francis I of France, and Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy, aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, finalize the Treaty of Cambrai, ‘The Ladies' Peace’. Francis surrenders all his claims in Italy, suzerainty over Flanders and Artois, and possession of Tournai, and undertakes to marry Eleanor of Portugal, widow of King Manuel I and sister of the emperor Charles; Charles renounces his claim to the duchy of Burgundy, and recognizes Valois acquisitions of the lands of Charles, duc de Bourbon, and the principality of Orange in Provence and Savoy. Francis ransoms his sons from Spain for 2 million crowns.
27 August 1529	England, France, Holy Roman Empire	King Henry VIII of England accedes to the Treaty of Cambrai of 3 August, making peace with the Habsburgs and recognizing the failure of the foreign policy of his Lord Chancellor, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.
2 October 1540	Venice, Italy, Ottoman Empire	Venice signs a peace treaty with the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent in Constantinople; it surrenders its last fortresses in the Morea (Peloponnese), Napoli, and Monemvasia, and acknowledges the Ottoman conquests in the Cyclades.
July 1542	France, Sweden, Habsburg Monarchy	King Francis I of France signs a treaty of alliance with King Gustavus I Vasa of Sweden against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his advancement of Dorothea, daughter of the former king Christian II, towards the Scandinavian crowns.
18 September 1544	France, Holy Roman Empire, Naples, Italy, Spanish Netherlands, Burgundy, Savoy	King Francis I of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sign the Peace of Crépy, in France, by which their conquests since 1538 are restored to the former rulers (except for Guelders and Zutphen which are to remain with Charles); Francis surrenders his claims to Naples, Flanders, and Artois, and Charles surrenders his claim to the duchy of Burgundy; a Habsburg marriage is planned for Francis's second surviving son, Charles, with a dowry of Milan or the Netherlands and Franche-Comté; and the Duke of Savoy is to reoccupy all his lands. The English are excluded from the Peace; both rulers pledge an alliance against Protestantism.
November 1545	Austria, Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, Persia, Safavid Empire	Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria makes the Truce of Adrianople with the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent; he is thus able to aid his brother the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V against the German Protestant Schmalkaldic League, while Suleiman campaigns against the Safavid Empire.
7 June 1546	England, France	The Peace of Ardres ends England's war with France and Scotland. The northern French port of Boulogne is to remain English for eight years and then be restored to France; King Francis I of France undertakes to pay King Henry VIII of England a 94,736-crown pension and 50,000 crowns to his successors.
13 June 1547	Habsburg Monarchy, Ottoman Empire, Hungary	The Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, king of the Romans (the German king) and of Bohemia, agrees a five-year peace with the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent; he will pay 30,000 ducats annual tribute for the title ‘king of Hungary’ and for control of the northern and western fringes of the kingdom.
29 March 1550	England, France, Scotland	By the Peace of Boulogne, England returns the northern French port of Boulogne to France four years earlier than specified in the 1546 Peace of Ardres, for 400,000 crowns, and withdraws from Scotland; King Henry II of France, now free to oppose the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, has a free hand there.
July–August 1552	Holy Roman Empire	Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, king of the Romans (the German king), organizes a princely peace congress at Passau; in the eventual treaty the Lutherans are granted free exercise of their religion in Germany, annulling the Augsburg Interim of 1548; John Frederick of Saxony and Philip of Hesse are released from imprisonment; and, on the insistence of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a diet is to be called to make a permanent settlement.
5 February 1556	France, Spanish Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire	A truce is signed at Vaucelles in the Spanish Netherlands between King Henry II of France and King Philip II of Spain, who is now governor of the Netherlands following the abdication of his father the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
2–3 April 1559	Spain, France, England, Scotland, Savoy, Holy Roman Empire, Italy	England and Spain sign the peace treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis with France. Calais is to remain French for eight years, and then revert to England (or France will be liable to pay half a million crowns), provided that England makes no aggression on Scotland, France's protectorate. France restores Savoy (except Saluzzo) to its duke, the governor of the Netherlands, Emmanuel Philibert, and confirms King Philip II of Spain as ruler of Franche-Comté; the Lorraine bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun remain French.
6 July 1560	England, France, Scotland	The French forces in Scotland surrender under the Treaty of Edinburgh; England and France both pledge noninterference in Scottish affairs and agree to evacuate the kingdom. The government is to be a council of regents, five chosen by parliament and five by Mary Queen of Scots, who will not use the arms and style ‘of England’.
11 April 1564	England, France	After nine months of issuing empty threats, following the surrender of Le Havre, Queen Elizabeth I of England capitulates to French demands in the Treaty of Troyes; she renounces her claim to Calais for 120,000 crowns.
23 March 1568	France	The Treaty of Longjumeau, signed by Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, against the advice of his fellow Huguenot (French Protestant) Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, ends the Second War of Religion in France; confirming the concessions of the 1563 Treaty of Amboise, it effects no more than a truce; King Charles IX pays off the German Protestant forces employed by the Huguenots.
8 August 1570	France	By the Peace of St Germain, the concessions to the Huguenots (French Protestants) of the treaties of Amboise (1563) and Longjumeau (1568) are restored; an amnesty is granted and the Huguenots gain the French strongholds of La Rochelle, Montauban, Cognac, and La Charité as places of refuge. Catherine de' Medici, the queen mother, reverses her alliances, supporting the Huguenot admiral Gaspard de Coligny against Guise influence.
13 December 1570	Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Estonia	In the Peace of Stettin, ending the ‘War of the Three Crowns’, Sweden retains Estonia and Elfsborg (present-day Gothenburg) for a stiff ransom; Denmark-Norway's increased Sund tolls are recognized, and Narva is opened to trade with Denmark-Norway and Lübeck.
6 July 1573	France	The Peace of Boulogne ends the Fourth War of Religion in France; the Huguenots (French Protestants) are granted an amnesty and freedom of conscience, but they are free to worship only in La Rochelle, Nîmes, Sancerre, and Montauban.
26 November 1580	France	The Peace of Fleix ends the Seventh War of Religion in France, renewing the terms of the Peace of Bergerac of September 1577. Sporadic and local hostilities continue.
7 July 1585	France	Henri, Duke of Guise, at the head of the Catholic League, forces King Henry III of France and his mother Catherine de' Medici into signing the Treaty of Nemours, in which he capitulates to their demands for revoking all toleration of the Huguenots (French Protestants), and recognizing Cardinal Charles de Bourbon as his successor, rather than the Protestant king Henry of Navarre; this provokes the War of the Three Henries.
1 July 1586	Scotland, England	In the Treaty of Berwick, Queen Elizabeth I of England and King James VI of Scotland undertake to preserve the religious status quo and engage in mutual defence against third parties. James is to receive an annual pension from England.
16 May 1596	United Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire, England, France, Spain	The Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarneveldt, Advocaat of Holland, mediates in the formation of a triple alliance against Spain; England, France, and the United Netherlands sign a formal treaty at Greenwich, London, England, against their mutual enemy.
20 March 1598	France	By the Treaty of Ponts-de-Cé, Philippe-Emmanuel, Duke of Mercoeur, leader of the Catholic League in Brittany, submits to King Henry IV of France for 4 million livres and the hand of Henry's illegitimate son, the Duke of Vendôme for his daughter, ending French Catholic resistance to Henry IV.
17 January 1601	France, Spain, Savoy, Italy	King Henry IV of France hurriedly ends the war in the duchy of Savoy, threatened by Spanish intervention; the Treaty of Lyons cedes Bresse, Bugey, and Gex to France, connecting it with Swiss Confederation. Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, retains Saluzzo and the ‘Spanish Road’ from Italy to Flanders via Franche-Comté is secured by guarantees.
18 August 1604	UK, Habsburg Monarchy, Spain, United Netherlands	A peace is signed between England, Spain, and the archdukes, allodial rulers of the Spanish Netherlands; King James I of England will give no further aid to the United Netherlands, will work to promote its submission to Spain and the archdukes, and will permit recruitment for the Spanish Habsburg Army of Flanders. England receives various trading privileges but undertakes not to trade in the West Indies.
1606–1657	Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania	The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power.
25 June 1608	Habsburg Monarchy, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire	The Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II is compelled by the advance of an archducal army into Bohemia to cede Austria, Hungary, and Moravia to his brother Archduke Matthias of Austria and to promise him the succession to Bohemia in the Treaty of Lieben.
3 May 1616	France	The Treaty of Loudun ends the French rebellion against the administration and the accompanying civil war; it grants an amnesty and large payments to the rebels, and installs Henri II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, as head of the Council, but no concessions are made to the Huguenots (French Protestants); the unpopular Concino Concini remains in power as marshal of France.
27 February 1617	Russia, Sweden	Russia and Sweden sign the Peace of Stolbovo. Under the peace treaty, Sweden's king Gustavus II Adolphus recognizes Tsar Michael I Romanov and surrenders his capture of Novgorod, but obtains Karelia and Ingria – turning the Gulf of Finland into a Swedish lake and cutting Russia off from the Baltic.
September 1619	France	The Treaty of Angoulême ends the dispute between King Louis XIII of France and the queen mother Marie de' Medici. Louis grants an amnesty to his mother's supporters and restores places captured from his mother, advantageous terms secured through Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu's diplomacy. To cement his own position with the court, Richelieu arranges a marriage between his niece and the nephew of the chief minister Charles d'Albret, Duke of Luynes.
18 October 1622	France	The Treaty of Montpellier ends the rebellion of the Huguenots (French Protestants). The 1598 Edict of Nantes is confirmed. The French towns of La Rochelle and Montauban are left under Huguenot control, but all political meetings are prohibited.
9 December 1625	UK, United Netherlands, Denmark-Norway	By the Treaty of The Hague, England and the United Netherlands join King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway in an anti-Habsburg coalition.
6 February 1626	France	The Peace of La Rochelle is signed between the Huguenot (French Protestant) rebels and the French crown, through the mediation of the English ambassador.
5 March 1626	France, Spain, Swiss Confederation, Holy Roman Empire	The Treaty of Monzon between France and Spain confirms the independence of the Grisons, with guarantees for Catholic worship in this Protestant area. Spain is prohibited from sending troops through the Valtelline Pass in the Alps.
April 1627	France, Spain	France's Cardinal Richelieu signs a treaty of alliance with Spain.
April 1628	Sweden, Denmark-Norway	Sweden and Denmark sign a treaty for the defence of Stralsund against Albrecht von Wallenstein, the imperial commander in chief, which brings King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden into the Thirty Years' War.
14 April 1629	UK, France	The Peace of Susa ends the war between England and France.
22 May 1629	Denmark-Norway, Holy Roman Empire	King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway is forced to sign the Peace of Lübeck with the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, following his defeat by Albrecht von Wallenstein, the imperial commander in chief. Christian undertakes to refrain from intervening in imperial affairs.
29 June 1629	France	The Peace of Alais ends the Huguenot (French Protestant) revolt in the Languedoc, southern France. The Huguenots are assured of religious liberty, but are required to end all political organization. The governments of Nîmes, Montauban, and other cities are remodelled.
25 September 1629	Sweden, Poland	The Truce of Altmark is signed between Sweden and Poland. By its terms, Sweden retains Livonia, Memel, Pillau, Braunsberg, and Elbing (modern Elbla¸g, Poland). Danzig (Gdansk) is to pay two-thirds of the customs duties levied in its port to Sweden.
23 January 1631	France, Sweden, Germany, Holy Roman Empire, Saxony, Brandenburg	By the Treaty of Bärwalde, France undertakes to subsidize Sweden for six years with an annual 1 million livres to help liberate Germany from the control of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden attempts to win over Saxony and Brandenburg, but the elector John George of Saxony, bent on neutrality, appeals to the emperor to revoke the Edict of Restitution (of March 1629) as the basis for a German settlement.
19 June 1631	Mantua, France, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Savoy	The Treaty of Cherasco ends the War of the Mantuan Succession. French and imperialist armies agree to leave Italy; the French candidate Charles, Duke of Nevers, becomes Duke of Mantua; Savoy wins part of the duchy of Montferrat. By a secret agreement with Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, France is to obtain Pinerolo and the Duke is betrothed to the sister of the French king Louis XIII; France thus gains a foothold in Italy. The treaty represents a great diplomatic triumph for Cardinal Richelieu.
30 May 1635	Holy Roman Empire, Saxony, Germany	The Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Elector John George of Saxony sign the Peace of Prague. By its terms, the Elector of Saxony retains possession of Lusatia (part of Bohemia) and his son keeps Magdeburg. The implemention of the terms of the Edict of Restitution of March 1629 is postponed for 40 years, so that possession of ecclesiastical land in the Empire remains as it was in November 1627. The treaty is subsequently accepted by Brandenburg and most Lutheran states. Henceforward, the Thirty Years' War becomes a conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and Spain on the one hand, and the allied forces of France, United Netherlands, and Sweden on the other.
May 1639	Ottoman Empire, Persia, Safavid Empire	A final agreement is reached at Zuhab near Qasr-i Sirin ending the long-running war between the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Iraq is ceded to the Turks, while the area around Erwan is to be controlled by the Persians. Measures are also included to make a demarcation of the frontier between the Ottoman Empire and Persia.
September 1639	Swiss Confederation, Holy Roman Empire, Spain	By the Peace of Milan, the Valtelline is returned to the Swiss canton of Grisons (modern Graubünden) by the Spanish. The treaty includes a clause guaranteeing passage for Spanish troops, though in practice the Alpine valley is no longer of any strategic importance in linking Spanish Italy and the Spanish Netherlands.
12 August 1641	UK	King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland signs the Treaty of London with Scotland, an agreement which ratifies the 1640 Treaty of Berwick.Two days later he departs for Scotland to try to gain the support of the Covenanters against the English Parliament.
31 March 1644	Papal States, Venice, Parma, Italy, Tuscany	The Peace of Ferrara is signed in Venice by Pope Urban VIII and the Duke of Parma and his allies, Venice, Modena, and Tuscany. The treaty ends the war of Castro, ongoing since 1642.
August 1645	Sweden, Denmark-Norway	The war between Sweden and Denmark comes to an end when the Treaty of Brömsebro is signed. By its terms, Sweden gains the islands of Ösel and Gotland in the eastern Baltic and the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen. It also retains possession of Bremen and Verdun and gains the right to occupy Halland, to the north of the Sound (Öresund), for a period of 30 years. Denmark is forced to recognize Sweden's exemption from the payment of Sound tolls. As a result, Sweden takes the place of Denmark as the foremost power in northern Europe.
26 December 1647	UK	King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland signs the ‘Engagement’ with the Scots in which he pledges to confirm the Solemn League and Covenant, to establish the Presbyterian Church in England for three years, and to unify England and Scotland more closely in return for Scottish support in restoring him to power.
30 January 1648	Spain, United Netherlands, France, Spanish Netherlands	Following the French capture of Dunkirk and the advance of French forces into the northern Spanish Netherlands, a separate peace is signed between Spain and the United Netherlands at Münster in the Holy Roman Empire, thereby ending the alliance between France and the Dutch. The treaty thwarts the French chief minister Cardinal Jules Mazarin's plan of securing possession of the entire Spanish Netherlands and also secures the future commercial dominance of Amsterdam by providing for the closure of the River Scheldt, the main water route into Antwerp, the Dutch city's trading rival in northwestern Europe.
2 October 1648	UK, Ireland	At the Newport (Isle of Wight) Treaty negotiations, King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland agrees to accept Parliament's demands on the issue of church government, on condition that episcopacy will not be completely abolished. He also agrees to surrender the militia for 20 years, as well as the government of Ireland.
24 October 1648	Holy Roman Empire, Germany, France, Sweden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Swiss Confederation, Saxony	The Peace of Westphalia is signed, ending the Thirty Years' War and marking the failure of the Holy Roman Emperor's attempt to turn Germany into an absolute monarchy. By its terms: (1) France gains Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and Breisach and Phillipsburg on the east side of the Rhine, Pinerolo in Piedmont, Italy, and rights in Alsace which sow the seeds of later disagreements; (2) Sweden gains western Pomerania, including Stettin (modern Szczecin) and the Oder estuary, Wismar in Mecklenburg, Bremen and Verdun, which gives it control of the Elbe and Weser estuaries, and 5 million taler; (3) Bavaria retains the Upper Palatinate and the electoral dignity; (4) Brandenburg gains East Pomerania, Kammin, Halberstadt, Minden, and the succession to the archbishopric of Magdeburg; (5) the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III repeals the Edict of Restitution of 1629 and the Peace of Prague of 1635, agrees that all ecclesiastical disputes are to be settled in accordance with the situation on 1 January 1624, and grants the same rights to Calvinists as Lutherans possess, in effect giving full independent sovereignty to all German princes and cities; (6) the Swiss confederation is separated from the Holy Roman Empire; (7) Saxony keeps Lusatia (part of Bohemia).
April 1654	United Netherlands, UK	By the Treaty of Westminster the first Anglo-Dutch war ends and the Dutch agree to accept the terms of the Navigation Act and to respect the English right of salute.
17 January 1656	Poland, Sweden, Brandenburg, Holy Roman Empire, Germany	Sweden's threat to invade East Prussia forces the Great Elector of Brandenburg Frederick William to agree to the Treaty of Königsberg. The Elector accepts King Charles X of Sweden as feudal overlord of East Prussia, thereby removing the area from Polish sovereignty, and agrees to stay neutral in the Northern War.
20 November 1656	Sweden, Brandenburg, Holy Roman Empire, Germany	By the Treaty of Labiau, Sweden cedes East Prussia to Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg, making him sovereign of the area.
6 November 1657	Denmark-Norway, Brandenburg, Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Poland, Russia, Sweden	By the Treaty of Bromberg, Brandenburg allies with Poland against Sweden. Faced with the loss of his ally and a strengthened Austro-Polish alliance, King Charles X of Sweden withdraws from Poland, occupying Danish Jutland instead.
7 November 1659	Spain, France, Spanish Netherlands	The Peace of the Pyrenees ends the long-running war between Spain and France. France obtains Roussillon, Cerdagne, most of Artois, Gravelines, and several fortresses in Hainault and the Duchy of Luxembourg. Spain resigns her claims to Alsace, but has her sovereignty in Franche-Comté confirmed and retains the rest of her possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, is pardoned and a marriage alliance is negotiated between King Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa, King Philip IV of Spain's eldest daughter. She renounces her claim to the Spanish throne in return for a dowry.
6 June 1660	Sweden, Denmark-Norway	The Peace of Copenhagen formally ends the second war between Sweden and Denmark. Denmark's loss of lands in southern Sweden is confirmed and the Concert of The Hague successfully negotiates for the Baltic to be reopened to foreign ships.
21 June 1661	Russia, Sweden	The Peace of Kardis is signed between Russia and Sweden, thereby ending the Northern War. By its terms, Russia recognizes the existing Russo-Swedish frontier, while Sweden undertakes not to intervene in the Russo-Polish war.
July 1661	Portugal, United Netherlands, UK	The four year war between the United Netherlands and Portugal is ended when a treaty is signed giving the Dutch financial compensation and access to the Portuguese empire on equal terms with the British. In addition, the agreement allows the Portuguese to retain Brazil, Angola, and São Tomé, and the Dutch to keep Ceylon. The Portuguese postpone ratification until 1663 because of British hostility to the terms of the treaty.
10 August 1664	Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire	The Treaty of Vasvár ends the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. The Ottoman Turks are confirmed in their occupation of Neuhäusel and Grosswardein, Mihály Apafi, the Ottoman nominee, is recognized as Prince of Transylvania, both sides agree to remove their armies from Transylvania, and financial compensation is to be paid.
16 January 1666	France, UK, United Netherlands, Germany, Holy Roman Empire	By the terms of the treaty of 1662, France declares war against Britain in support of the United Netherlands. The French send an army against the bishop of Münster in the Holy Roman Empire, Britain's sole ally, whose forces have invaded the eastern provinces of the United Netherlands.
19 April 1666	UK, France, United Netherlands	Britain's sole ally in the war against the Dutch and French, the bishop of Münster in the Holy Roman Empire, sues for peace and a treaty is signed providing for a virtual total disarmament of his forces.
30 January 1667	Russia, Poland	The Truce of Andrussovo is signed by Russia and Poland, thereby ending the Thirteen Years' War. Russia gives up many of the gains made in the Treaty of Vilna but retains Smolensk, Kiev, and the east bank of the River Dnieper. Both countries commit themselves to a joint defence against the Ottoman Turks.
21 July 1667	United Netherlands, France, West Indies, UK	The Peace of Breda ends the second Anglo-Dutch war. England makes a treaty with France to cede Acadia in North America and recover Antigua, Montserrat, and St Kitts in the West Indies. A second treaty between England and the United Netherlands allows the Dutch to retain Surinam in the West Indies and England the Dutch colonies of New Netherland, Cape Coast Castle, and Fort James.
13 January 1668	UK, Sweden, France, Spain, Portugal, United Netherlands	The United Netherlands and Britain sign the Alliance of The Hague, whereby each promises to provide armed assistance if the other is attacked. They undertake to attempt to bring about a peace between France and Spain and, by a secret clause, aim to create peace between Spain and Portugal. The Triple Alliance is formed when Sweden signs up to the terms of the treaty. King Louis XIV of France views the Alliance as a betrayal by the Dutch, creating tension between the two countries and sowing the seeds of ill relations in the following years.
19 January 1668	France, Spain, Holy Roman Empire	King Louis XIV of France signs a partition treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I preparing for the future division of the Spanish kingdom in the event of the death of the sickly seven year old Charles II of Spain without heirs. It is agreed that France will take the Spanish Netherlands, the Franche-Comté, Naples, Sicily, Navarre, the Philippines, and Spanish possessions in Africa, while the Emperor will gain Spain, Spanish America, Milan, Sardinia, and the Balearic and Canary Islands.
13 February 1668	Spain, Portugal	After a twenty-eight year struggle, Spain finally recognizes the independence of Portugal in the Treaty of Lisbon. The sovereignty of the Braganza family is secured.
22 May 1670	UK, France	The secret Treaty of Dover between Britain and France is signed. King Charles II of England promises to declare himself a Catholic in return for a subsidy. He also engages to support King Louis XIV of France against Spain and to provide naval assistance in a joint war against the United Netherlands.
18 October 1672	Poland, Ottoman Empire	The Treaty of Buczacz is signed between Poland and the Ottoman Turks. Poland cedes Podolia and Kamieniec Podolski (now Kamenets Podolsky, Ukraine) to the Ottoman Empire and promises to pay an annual tribute to the Sultan. The treaty also secures most of the Ukraine to the east of the Dnieper for the Cossack hetman (‘headman’) Peter Doroshenko. However, it is never ratified by the Polish Sejm (parliament).
9 February 1674	UK, United Netherlands	Owing to parliamentary pressure, King Charles II of England is forced to negotiate the Treaty of Westminster, thereby bringing the third Anglo-Dutch war to an end. The Dutch accept the British right of salute in the Channel and agree to pay a small indemnity. New York City is returned to Britain but the Dutch monopoly of trade in the East Indies is preserved.
10 August 1678	France, United Netherlands	The first of the Peace Treaties of Nijmegen is signed by France and the United Netherlands. Under its terms, France restores Maastricht and other conquests to the United Netherlands and the unfavourable tariff erected against the Dutch by the French chief finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1667 is cancelled. The treaty is ratified by the Dutch on 17 September.
17 September 1678	Spanish Netherlands, France, Spain	The second Peace Treaty of Nijmegen is signed by the French and the Spanish. By its terms, Spain cedes Franche-Comté and exchanges some of her fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands with France. These include St Omer, Aire, Ypres, Valenciennes, Cambrai, and Mauberge.
5 February 1679	France, Holy Roman Empire	The final Peace Treaty of Nijmegen is signed by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I and King Louis XIV of France. By its terms, France gives up the fortress of Philippsburg but retains Freiburg. Additionally, Duke Charles of Lorraine is restored to his territories in Lorraine. However, the French retain Longwy and Nancy as well as military access roads in the territory. Charles refuses to accept these terms and as a result Lorraine remains under French occupation.
29 June 1679	Brandenburg, Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Sweden	As a result of the European peace wrought by the Nijmegen treaties and to avoid a French invasion of his territories, Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg is forced to sign the Peace of St Germain. It ends the war with Sweden and by its terms Brandenburg loses all conquests in Swedish Pomerania, except some insubstantial territories on the right bank of the River Oder.
26 September 1679	Sweden, Denmark-Norway	The Treaty of Lund concludes the war between Denmark and Sweden. Its terms reiterate an earlier peace imposed on the Danes by King Louis XIV of France at Fontainebleau, France, on 29 June, by which all conquered territories are returned to their original owners. The treaty also contains secret articles in which both partners promise not to make any alliances without the other's knowledge.
15 August 1684	France	The Truce of Ratisbon (Regensburg) is reluctantly signed by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, preoccupied with the Ottoman War and under pressure from the Dutch. He recognizes King Louis XIV of France's possession of the territories seized as a result of the Chambres de Réunions policy, including Strasbourg and Luxembourg, for a period of 20 years. By this agreement, the territories of France reach their greatest geographical extent to date.
August 1696	France, Savoy, Italy	King Louis XIV of France signs a peace treaty with Victor II Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, detaching the Duke from the Grand Alliance, which has alienated him by refusing to give him Milan, thus ending the war in Italy. By its terms the Duke regains Savoy, Nice, Susa, Casale, and Pinerolo, and his daughter is to be betrothed to the French king's grandson, Louis, Duke of Burgundy.
3 September 1697	North America	The Treaty of Rijswijk ends King William's War in North America, restoring French and British colonial possessions to their pre-war status.
10 September 1697	Spanish Netherlands, United Netherlands, France, Spain, UK	The Nine Years' War or the War of the League of Augsburg comes to an end when France and Britain, the United Netherlands, and Spain sign the Treaty of Ryswick. By its terms all conquests since 1678 except Strasbourg, both on the continent and in the colonies, are returned to their previous owners. King Louis XIV of France retains Strasbourg but Lux, Mons, and Catalonia are returned to Spain and Lorraine is returned to Charles, Duke of Lorraine. William III is recognized as king of England, the Duchess of Orléans's claim to the Palatinate is given up, and support for a French candidate for the Electorate of Cologne is abandoned. In a separate agreement, a Dutch ‘Barrier’ is established. The Dutch are allowed to establish garrisons in eight fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands, including Mons, Courtrai, Charleroi, Namur, and Luxembourg.
11 October 1698	Spain, France, UK, Holy Roman Empire	Because of the bad health of Charles II of Spain, King Louis XIV of France and King William III of Britain sign the first Partition Treaty which aims to avoid war in Europe on Charles's death by dividing the Spanish kingdom between the three principal claimants. Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I's grandson, is to receive Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, Sardinia, and Spanish America, Louis's son, Louis the Dauphin, is to gain Naples, Sicily, and the Tuscan ports, and Archduke Charles of Austria, second son of Emperor Leopold, is to receive Milan.
1 June 1699	Spain, France, UK, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire	A second Partition Treaty between King Louis XIV of France and King William III of Britain is signed, which amends the division of the Spanish kingdom established in its predecessor of October 1698. Archduke Charles of Austria is to receive Spain, Spanish America, and the Spanish Netherlands; Louis's son, Louis the Dauphin, is to get Naples, Sicily, and Lorraine; and Charles, Duke of Lorraine, is to receive Milan as compensation.
8 August 1700	Russia, Ottoman Empire	The Treaty of Constantinople between Russia and the Ottoman Empire converts the two-year armistice agreed at Carlowitz in January 1699 to a 30-year truce between the two powers. The Ottoman Empire cedes the fortress of Azov, captured by Tsar Peter I the Great in July 1696, and grants Russia the right to keep a permanent ambassador in Constantinople. Russian tributes to the Tatars are also waived.
24 September 1706	Sweden, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Poland	The Peace of Altrandstädt is made between Sweden and Saxony; King Augustus II the Strong of Sweden renounces the Polish throne and recognizes Stanislaw Leszczynski, the pro-Swedish nominee, as king.
7 March 1714	France, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Bavaria, Spanish Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire, Germany	The Peace of Rastatt is agreed between King Louis XIV of France and Charles VI, the Holy Roman Emperor, by which France recognizes the Habsburg possessions in Italy, the electors of Bavaria and Cologne are restored, and the Habsburg Monarchy takes possession of the Spanish Netherlands.
6 February 1720	France, Holy Roman Empire, UK, United Netherlands, Spain, Italy	A peace treaty is signed between the Quadruple Alliance (France, the Holy Roman Empire, Britain, and the United Netherlands) and Spain. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI, gives up his claim to Spain while King Philip V of Spain renounces his claim to Italy, provided the Emperor allows Charles, Philip and Elizabeth Farnese's son, to succeed to the Italian dukedoms of Parma and Tuscany (including the city of Piacenza). The Duke of Savoy obtains Sardinia from the Emperor in exchange for Sicily.
27 March 1721	Spain, France	The Treaty of Madrid, a treaty of mutual defence and guarantee, is signed between France and Spain. France promises to assist in the restoration of Gibraltar, captured from Spain by the British in 1704 and confirmed as a British possession by the Treaty of Utrecht, and in the regulation in Spain's favour of questions concerning claims to the Italian duchies of Parma, Naples, and Sicily.
10 September 1721	Sweden, Russia	The Treaty of Rystad is signed by Sweden and Russia; the latter acquires Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, and East Karelia, but restores Finland. Essentially, Russia acquires the best part of Sweden's Baltic provinces. This treaty confirms Russia's supremacy in northern Europe.
30 April 1725	Habsburg Monarchy, Spain	The diplomatic efforts of the Spanish statesman Johan Willem Ripperdá (a native of the United Netherlands but of Castilian origin) result in the Treaty of Vienna between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and King Philip V of Spain. This guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction (the proclaimed right of the emperor's daughter Maria Theresa to succeed him as ruler of all the Habsburg domains) and the Emperor's rule in his Italian provinces, and represents a reconciliation of the two powers.
17 October 1726	Habsburg Monarchy, Prussia	By the Treaty of Wusterhausen with the Habsburg Monarchy, Prussia leaves the alliance of Herrenhausen (of 23 August 1725) and guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction, which sets out the right of Maria Theresa of Austria to succeed her father, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, as ruler of all the Habsburg domains. Prussia undertakes to aid Austria with 10,000 troops in any resulting war.
23 December 1728	Holy Roman Empire, Prussia	The Treaty of Berlin is agreed between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Frederick William of Prussia, by which the emperor recognizes Prussia's claim to the duchies of Berg and Ravenstein in the Holy Roman Empire, while Prussia guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction, accepting the right of the Emperor's daughter, Maria Theresa, to succeed him as ruler of all the Habsburg domains.
November 1729	Spain, France, UK	The Treaty of Seville between Spain, France, and Britain weans Spain away from its alliance with the Habsburg Monarchy; it provides for the suppression of the Austrian East India Company and for the accession of Don Carlos, the eldest son of King Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese, to Parma and Tuscany, and is subsequently joined on 10 November by the United Netherlands.
11 July 1731	UK, United Netherlands, Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Italy	A general war over the Italian duchies is averted by the Treaty of Vienna between Britain, the United Netherlands, Spain, and the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI. Under the terms of the treaty, the maritime powers (Britain and the United Netherlands) guarantee the Pragmatic Sanction (which sets out the rights of the Emperor's daughter, Maria Theresa, to succeed him as ruler of all the Habsburg domains), Spain obtains the Italian duchies of Parma and Piacenza, and the Austrian East India Company is finally abolished. By a secret clause, Britain insists that Maria Theresa shall not marry a member of the Bourbon family.
3 October 1735	Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Poland, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Spain	A preliminary peace accord in the War of the Polish Succession is negotiated in Vienna, Austria. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI receives the Italian duchies of Parma and Piacenza; Don Carlos, son of King Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese, is to succeed as Charles III to Naples and Sicily – which are, however, not to be united under one crown with Spain; Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy is to hold Novara and Tortona (in Piedmont, northwestern Italy); France guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction (which sets out the right of the emperor's daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria, to succeed him as ruler of all the Habsburg domains); Stanislaw Leszczynski renounces his claims to Poland and is to receive the duchy of Lorraine (now in France), on the death of the Grand Duke of Tuscany (the duchy is to revert to France on Stanislaw's death); and the Duke of Lorraine, as compensation for the loss of his ducal patrimony, is to receive the duchy of Tuscany when the Grand Duke dies.
5 June 1741	France, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Silesia, Habsburg Monarchy, Germany	The Treaty of Breslau is signed between France and Prussia to partition the Holy Roman Empire, following the breakdown of King Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia's negotiations with the archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa. Prussia is to receive Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) and Lower Silesia and, in return, to recognize the elector Charles Albert of Bavaria as emperor and to recognize the Sulzbach family in the duchies of Jülich and Berg.
17 August 1743	Russia, Sweden	The Peace of Åbo ends the territorial war between Russia and Sweden. The treaty cedes south Finland as far as the River Kiümen to Russia.
13 September 1743	Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, UK, Sardinia, Milan, Italy	The Treaty of Worms is agreed between Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Great Britain, and Sardinia to expel the Bourbons from Italy, to obtain part of Milan for the Kingdom of Sardinia, and guaranteeing British subsidies to its allies in the War of the Austrian Succession.
25 October 1743	France, Spain, UK, Sardinia, Milan, Italy, Parma	The Treaty of Fontainebleau (the ‘Second Family Compact’) between France and Spain is established. Gibraltar and Port Mahón, Minorca, are to be wrested from Great Britain; King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia is to surrender his recent acquisitions in Italy; and the Italian duchies of Milan, Parma, and Piacenza are to pass to Don Philip, the second son of King Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese.
25 December 1745	Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, Saxony, Germany, Prussia	By the Peace of Dresden with Austria and Saxony, Prussia retains the conquered Austrian province of Silesia and in return recognizes the Pragmatic Sanction (the legitimacy of Maria Theresa's accession to the Habsburg domains) and Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor.
18 October 1748	Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Silesia, Germany	By the Peace of Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), ending the War of the Austrian Succession, there is a general recognition of Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor and of King Frederick II the Great of Prussia's conquest of Silesia. The Pragmatic Sanction, setting out the legitimacy of Maria Theresa of Austria's succession to the Habsburg domains, is also generally recognized. The French evacuate the Austrian Netherlands, recognize George II as king of Great Britain and Ireland, and transfer the Indian city of Madras (now Chennai) to Britain in exchange for Louisbourg (on Cape Breton Island), Nova Scotia. The Spanish Bourbons achieve the ambitions of their mother Elizabeth Farnese: Don Philip acquires the Italian duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, while King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia receives the Upper Novara and Vigevano in Milan. All other conquests are restored.
16 January 1756	UK, Prussia, Hanover, Germany, Holy Roman Empire	The Treaty of Westminster is signed by Britain and Prussia, by which King Frederick II the Great of Prussia guarantees the neutrality of Hanover, which is designed to frustrate French attempts to seize King George II of Britain's German provinces. This precipitates the Franco-Austrian rapprochement.
1 May 1756	France, Austria	The Treaty of Versailles between France and Austria constitutes the Diplomatic Revolution, achieved by the Austrian chancellor Prince Kaunitz-Rietberg. The Habsburg Monarchy is to be neutral in an Anglo-French war but either party is to aid the other if attacked by Prussia. In addition, France is to recognize the Austrian Netherlands and to aid Austria if the latter is attacked by the Ottoman Empire.
5 May 1762	Russia, Prussia	Tsar Peter III, an admirer of Frederick II the Great of Prussia, ends hostilities between Russia and Prussia, by the Treaty of St Petersburg. Russia restores all conquests made during the Seven Years' War and agrees to a military alliance with Prussia.
22 May 1762	Sweden, Prussia	The Treaty of Hamburg ends hostilities between Sweden and Prussia, restoring all conquests made during the Seven Years' War.
10 February 1763	UK, France, Spain, Cuba, India, America, Philippines	The Treaty of Paris between Britain, France, and Spain ends the Seven Years' War. By its terms, Britain secures Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, St Vincent, Tobago, Dominica, Grenada, Senegal, and Minorca from France. France regains Martinique, Guadeloupe, St Lucia, Gorée, and the French settlements in India, and is guaranteed fishing rights off Newfoundland. Spain acquires Louisiana from France, and cedes Florida to Britain in exchange for the restoration of Cuba and the Philippines.
15 February 1763	Prussia, Austria-HM	The Treaty of Hubertusburg between Prussia and Austria restores the status quo before the Seven Years' War, returning Glatz and Silesia to Prussia. Prussia agrees to support the candidature of the Archduke Joseph of Austria as ‘king of the Romans’ (effective heir to his father's title of Holy Roman Emperor).
21 July 1774	Ottoman Empire, Russia	Under the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardzhi, the Ottoman Empire cedes the Black Sea coast from the River Bug to the River Dnieper to Russia, and also the Crimean ports of Yenikale and Kertch. Moldavia and Wallachia are returned to the Ottoman Empire, and the Khanate of the Crimea is recognized as independent.
1777	Spain, Portugal, Brazil	Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of San Ildefonso, confirming Portugal's colonial claims to large areas in the Amazon and Paraná plains in South America.
13 May 1779	Bavaria, Prussia, Habsburg Monarchy	The Treaty of Teschen ends the War of the Bavarian Succession. The Habsburg Monarchy obtains the Inn district of Bavaria and agrees to support the reversion of the Hohenzollern principalities of Ansbach and Bayreuth to Prussia.
17 May 1782	India	After a British defeat at Wadgaon, India, in January 1779 and largely inconclusive warfare since, the Treaty of Salbai ends the first Anglo-Maratha war with minimal British gains.
3 September 1783	UK, France, Spain, America, West Indies, Africa, India	The Peace of Paris is signed between Britain on one side and France, Spain, and America on the other, ending the American Revolution. Britain recognizes the independence of the American colonies, cedes Florida to Spain, and recovers its West Indian possessions. France recovers St Lucia, Tobago, Senegal, Gorée, and its East Indian possessions. France regains the right to fortify Dunkirk.
6 January 1784	Ottoman Empire, Russia, Crimea-Ottoman	By the terms of the Treaty of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire acquiesces in Russia's annexation of the Crimea and the Caucasian region of Kuban.
11 March 1784	India	Britain signs a peace treaty with Tippu Sultan of Mysore, India, ending the Second Mysore War.
17 October 1797	France, Austria-HM, Italy, Venice, Belgium, Greece-Ottoman, Germany	The Treaty of Campo Formio is signed by France and Austria after Napoleon Bonaparte's successful campaign in Italy and Tyrol. The Cisalpine and Ligurian republics are recognized, as is French possession of the Ionian Islands off the Greek coast. Austria occupies the Venetian lands east of the River Adige, including Istria, Dalmatia, and Venice, and cedes the Austrian Netherlands to France. Peace between the Holy Roman Empire and France is to be negotiated at a conference to be held at Rastatt, Germany.
17 January 1800	France	The Treaty of Montluçon ends royalist disaffection in the Vendée, western France, and releases troops for a new French offensive in Europe.
9 February 1801	France, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy	The Treaty of Lunéville, following the French defeat of Austria in Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign of 1800–01, marks the virtual destruction of the Holy Roman Empire. France gains all territory west of the Rhine, including Belgium and Luxembourg. The grand duchy of Tuscany is ceded to the duchy of Parma to form the new kingdom of Etruria, and recognition is given to the Batavian, Cisalpine, Helvetian, and Ligurian republics.
21 March 1801	France, Spain, Portugal, UK, North America	The Treaty of Aranjuez is signed between France and Spain, formalizing their ultimatum to Portugal to break its traditional allegiance to Britain. Spain also agrees to cede the North American territory of Louisiana to France.
6 June 1801	Spain, Portugal, UK	The Treaty of Badajoz formally ends the war between Spain and Portugal over Portugal's traditional allegiance to Britain. Portugal cedes the province of Olivenza and agrees to close its ports to British ships.
17 June 1801	UK, Russian Empire, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, France	The Armed Neutrality of the North (the confederation of Russia, Sweden, Denmark, and Prussia, formed to defend their right to export goods to Napoleonic France) breaks up with the signing of the Treaty of St Petersburg between Britain, Russia, and Prussia, which recognizes British right of search of merchant vessels.
1 October 1801	UK, France	Preliminaries of peace are signed between Britain and France; Britain is to restore all maritime conquests, except Trinidad and Ceylon, to France, Spain, and the Netherlands; France agrees to evacuate Naples and the Papal States; the integrity of Portugal is recognized; the independence of the Ionian Islands is agreed upon; both French and British armies are to evacuate Egypt, which is to be restored to the Ottoman Empire, and Malta is to be restored to the Knights of St John by Britain.
27 March 1802	UK, France, Europe	The Treaty of Amiens is signed between Britain and France, based on the preliminaries agreed on 1 October 1801; it achieves (briefly) the complete pacification of Europe.
9 August 1805	Austria, UK, Russian Empire, France, Sweden	Austria joins Britain, Russia, and Sweden as the signatories of the Treaty of St Petersburg in alliance against France and receives a £3 million subsidy.
15 December 1805	France, Prussia, Italy	By the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, Prussia cedes Cleves, Neuchâtel, and Ansbach, and accepts French territorial gains in Germany and Italy. In return Prussia is allowed to occupy Hanover in order to prevent it joining the coalition against the French emperor Napoleon I.
7 July 1807	Prussia, France	The Treaty of Tilsit (Prussia) ends the war between France and Russia. The French emperor Napoleon I, having defeated Austria and now Russia and Prussia, is the master of continental Europe. Russia agrees to the establishment of a Grand Duchy of Warsaw (as a French satellite in eastern Europe), recognizes the Confederation of the Rhine (association of German states under French protection), agrees to close all ports to British ships, and, by a secret agreement, Tsar Alexander I agrees to coerce Denmark, Sweden, and Portugal into joining the alliance against Britain. In return he is given a free hand against Sweden in Finland and the Ottoman Empire in the Danubian provinces (Moldavia and Wallachia).
28 May 1812	Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire	The Treaty of Bucharest ends the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Russia obtains Bessarabia, (an area of southeast Europe bordered by the rivers Dniester and Prut) and withdraws its demand for the provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia. The peace enables Tsar Alexander I to act against the French emperor Napoleon I.
28 February 1813	Prussia, Russian Empire	Prussia agrees, by the Alliance of Kalisz with Russia, to conduct a joint campaign in Saxony and Silesia against the French emperor Napoleon I and the Confederation of the Rhine (association of German states under French protection). Prussia is to regain all territory lost since 1806. An invitation to join the war is extended to Britain and Austria, and the agreement becomes the genesis of the Fourth Coalition against France.
12 October 1813	Persia, Russian Empire	By the peace of the Treaty of Gulistan, Persia cedes the Caucasus region to Russia, continuing the extension of Russian influence southwards.
December 1814	USA	The USA and Britain sign the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812. The most contested issues – Britain's impressment of US sailors, US commercial rights, and the Northwest boundary dispute – remain unresolved.
9 June 1815	Austrian Empire	The Congress of Vienna closes after its Final Act is passed. The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg are united to form the United Netherlands (by an act of 31 May), Switzerland is to be neutral, East Poland is ceded to Russia and the Western Provinces of Poland to Prussia, Kraków becomes an independent republic, Lombardy and Venetia are restored to Austria, Prussia gains the Rhineland and the northern region of Saxony, Hanover obtains East Friesland and Hildesheim, the German Confederation is established under the presidency of Austria (by an act of 8 June), the Bourbon monarch Ferdinand VII is restored in Spain, the Braganza dynasty returns to the Portuguese throne, Ferdinand IV is recognized as king of the Two Sicilies, the pope and the minor Italian princes are restored, and Britain retains the majority of its overseas conquests, including Malta and Heligoland.
20 November 1815	France, Switzerland, Austrian Empire, Prussia, Russian Empire, UK	By the Second Treaty of Paris, France's borders are reduced to those of 1789. It yields territory to Savoy and to Switzerland, and agrees to restore captured art treasures and pay an indemnity, while the Quadruple Alliance between Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain is renewed.
6 January 1818	UK, India	Under the Treaty of Mundoseer, the dominions of the Maratha Holkar dynasty of Indore are combined administratively with the Rajput states of northwest India, and come under British protection.
February 1819	USA, Spain, North America	The USA and Spain sign the Transcontinental Treaty, by which Spain cedes East Florida to the USA in exchange for US recognition that West Texas was not part of the Louisiana Purchase. The treaty also extends US territorial claims to the Pacific.
24 February 1826	Myanmar, UK	By the Treaty of Yandabu, ending the Burmese War, the British gain Assam, Arakan, and Terasserim, while the Burmese pay an indemnity and come under British influence.
6 July 1827	Russian Empire, UK, France, Greece, Ottoman Empire	The Treaty of London is signed by which Russia, Britain, and France agree to recognize the autonomy of Greece and so force Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire to make peace with the Greeks.
14 September 1829	Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Greece, Serbia	The Treaty of Adrianople ends the Russo-Ottoman War and the Greek War of Independence. Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire recognizes the London Protocol of March 1829 which guarantees the territory of Greece and the independence of the Danubian provinces (Moldavia and Wallachia) and of Serbia. Russia obtains land south of the Caucasus.
19 April 1839	Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg	The Treaty of London is signed, agreeing the territorial arrangements for the separation of Belgium and the Netherlands. Luxembourg, disputed between the two, becomes an independent grand duchy, and the River Scheldt is opened to the ships of both the Netherlands and Belgium.
5 February 1840	New Zealand, UK	By the Treaty of Waitangi, New Zealand Maori chiefs surrender their sovereignty to the British government.
15 July 1840	Russian Empire, UK, Prussia, Austrian Empire, Egypt, Ottoman Empire, Crete	Russia, Britain, Prussia, and Austria form the Quadruple Alliance in support of the Ottoman Empire and by the Treaty of London offer Egypt to its ruler and Ottoman opponent, Mehmet Ali, as a hereditary possession and also southern Syria for life, provided he gives up Crete and northern Syria. He refuses, in the hope of French aid.
5 November 1840	Egypt, Ottoman Empire	By the Convention of Alexandria the Egyptian viceroy Mehmet Ali agrees to the terms of the Treaty of London of 15 July, ending the Ottoman-Egyptian war.
29 August 1842	UK, China	By the Treaty of Nanjing ending the First Opium War between Britain and China, Canton, Shanghai, and other Chinese ports are opened to Britain, which is permitted to establish consular facilities and obtains a large indemnity.
12 April 1844	USA, Republic of Texas	The US and the Republic of Texas sign the Texas Annexation Treaty, making Texas a US territory.
9 March 1846	India, UK	By the Treaty of Lahore ending the First Anglo-Sikh War in India, Britain gains territory beyond the Sutlej River, the previous boundary of British India. Punjab becomes a British protectorate.
26 August 1848	Denmark, Prussia, Germany	The Truce of Malmö is made between Denmark and Prussia ending the war over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. The truce establishes an armistice that lasts for 17 months, during which Schleswig–Holstein is jointly administered by Austria and Prussia.
29 March 1849	India, UK	Britain annexes the Indian province of Punjab by a treaty with the maharajah of Lahore, following the surrender of the Sikh army on 12 March.
30 March 1856	Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Bessarabia	The integrity of the Ottoman Empire is recognized by the signatories to the Treaty of Paris ending the Crimean War, which guarantees the Danubian principalities. Russia cedes Bessarabia, the Black Sea is to be neutral, and the River Danube is to be free to ships of all nations.
14 June 1857	France, Russian Empire	A commercial treaty is signed between France and Russia. France is developing freer trade and Russia is more receptive to western ideas under Tsar Alexander II.
26 June 1858	UK, China, France	The Treaty of Tianjin between China and Britain ends the Second Opium War, by which China opens more ports to British commerce and legalizes the opium trade. A similar treaty is signed between the Chinese and the French on 27 June.
23 January 1860	UK, France	The Cobden–Chevalier Treaty (negotiated between the British Liberal politician and economist Richard Cobden and the French economist Michel Chevalier) establishes a substantial degree of free trade between Britain and France.
5 June 1862	France, Annam, Cochin-China	The Treaty of Saigon is signed between France and Annam (part of modern Vietnam) by which France annexes half of Cochin-China (also part of modern Vietnam), which has been under blockade since 1858.
30 October 1864	Austrian Empire, Prussia, Denmark	The Peace of Vienna concludes the German-Danish war, by which Denmark cedes the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg to Austria and Prussia.
27 January 1865	Spain, Peru	A treaty between Spain and Peru recognizes the independence of the former Spanish colony, following ongoing friction since the latter's cession.
14 August 1865	Austrian Empire, Prussia, Denmark	The Convention of Gastein temporarily resolves the question of the administration of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein (ceded to Austria and Prussia by Denmark). Austria receives Holstein and Prussia obtains Schleswig and the port city of Kiel, while purchasing the duchy of Lauenburg.
12 June 1866	Austrian Empire, France	A secret treaty is agreed between Austria and France, by which the French emperor, Napoleon III, promises French neutrality in Austria's coming war with Prussia provided that Austria cedes Venice, which France will in turn hand over to Italy.
23 August 1866	Prussia, Austrian Empire, Hanover, Germany	The Peace of Prague between Prussia and Austria confirms the preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg (26 July) whereby Austria is to be excluded from Germany, while the German states of Hanover, Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfurt are to be incorporated with Prussia, the south German states are to be independent, but the states north of the River Main are to form a confederation under Prussia, which also obtains Austrian Silesia and territory from Saxony and from the south German states.
3 October 1866	Austrian Empire, Italy	The war between Austria and Italy, arising from Italy's support of Prussia against Austria in the Seven Weeks War, is formally ended by the Treaty of Vienna, with Italy receiving Venice from Austria.
13 March 1871	Russian Empire, Europe	The London Conference between the great powers of Europe revokes the Black Sea clauses of the Treaty of Paris of 1856 and gives Russia the freedom to deploy its forces in the Black Sea (following Russia's independent repudiation of these clauses in October 1870).
10 May 1871	France, Prussia, Germany	The Peace of Frankfurt formally ends the Franco-Prussian War. France is to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, pay an indemnity of 5 milliards of francs, and be subject to military occupation until payment is completed.
3 March 1878	Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Balkans	By the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano ending the Russo-Ottoman War over the Balkans, Montenegro is to be enlarged with the port of Antivari; Romania, Montenegro, and Serbia are to be independent; reforms are to be undertaken in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria is to be enlarged with a seaboard on the Aegean and most of Macedonia; and Russia is to receive the fortified cities of Ardahan, Kars, and Batum in eastern Anatolia, while the Ottoman Empire is to pay Russia a huge indemnity.
13 July 1878	Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Romania, Russian Empire, Montenegro, Serbia, UK, Cyprus	By the Treaty of Berlin, Bulgaria is split into (a) autonomous Bulgaria, north of the Balkans, (b) Eastern Rumelia with a special organization under the Ottoman Empire, and (c) Macedonia, where reforms are to be undertaken; Austria-Hungary is given a mandate to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina; Romania is warded the region of Dobrudja but has to hand over South Bessarabia to Russia; Montenegro is given the port of Antivari; Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia become independent states; Russia receives the towns of Batum, Kars, and Ardaham; and the British occupation of Cyprus is confirmed. Italian and Greek demands are shelved, while promises for reforms in Macedonia and Asia Minor lead to agitation.
1 September 1879	Zululand, UK	The British sign a peace treaty with the Zulu chiefs with whom they are at war.
5 April 1881	Transvaal, UK	Britain and the Boers sign the Treaty of Pretoria, ending the First Anglo-Boer War and recognizing the independence of the South African Republic of Transvaal.
20 May 1882	Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany	Italy joins the Austro-German alliance for a period of five years, thereby forming the Triple Alliance (which is subsequently renewed until 1915). This assures Italy of support in the event of attack by France, commits Italy to support Germany in the event of a French attack on Germany, and guarantees Italian neutrality in the event of war between Austria-Hungary and Russia.
3 March 1886	Ottoman Empire, Serbia	The Peace of Bucharest ends the war between Serbia and Bulgaria on the basis of the status quo.
18 June 1887	Germany, Russian Empire	A secret German–Russian Reinsurance Treaty is signed to replace the expiring Three Emperors' Alliance (including Austria-Hungary), which Russia refuses to renew.
2 May 1889	Ethiopia, Italy	By the Treaty of Ucciali with Menelek of Ethiopia, Italy proclaims a protectorate over Ethiopia.
24 May 1890	Africa, Belgium, UK	By the Mackinnon Treaty between King Leopold II of Belgium and the British East Africa Company, the latter recognizes Leopold's rights on the west bank of the Upper Nile in return for territory near Lake Tanganyika.
18 June 1890	Germany, Russian Empire	Germany allows the lapse of former chancellor Otto von Bismarck's Reinsurance Treaty with Russia of June 1887, despite Russian attempts to open negotiations for a renewal.
1 July 1890	UK, Germany, Africa	Under an Anglo-German convention, Britain exchanges the North Sea island of Heligoland for Zanzibar and Pemba in East Africa.
27 August 1891	France, Russian Empire	A Franco-Russian entente is made as a result of friendlier relations following the break between Germany and Russia.
17 April 1895	Korea, Japan, China	Under the Treaty of Shimonoseki, China and Japan recognize the independence of Korea following war over its status as a Chinese vassal state.
16 December 1897	Greece, Ottoman Empire	The Peace of Constantinople ends the war between Greece and Turkey.
10 December 1898	USA, SPAIN, CUBA, PHILIPPINES	The USA and Spain sign the Treaty of Paris, in which Spain cedes Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and also the Philippines (which is yet to be conquered) for $20 million, thus ending the Spanish–American War.
30 January 1902	Japan, United Kingdom	Britain qualifies its isolationist foreign policy by signing a treaty with Japan to safeguard their common interests in China and Korea. Under the terms of the treaty, in the event of Britain or Japan being at war with a foreign power in East Asia, the other will maintain strict neutrality, but shall assist its ally if a second foreign power should join the first.
8 April 1904	United Kingdom, France	The Entente Cordiale settles British–French differences in Morocco, Egypt, and the Newfoundland fishery, and Britain recognizes the Suez Canal Convention and surrenders its claim to Madagascar.
5 September 1905	Russian Empire, Japan, China	The Treaty of Portsmouth (New Hampshire) is mediated by the US president Theodore Roosevelt and ends the Russo-Japanese War. Russia is to cede Port Arthur and the Guangdong Peninsula in China, evacuate Manchuria and half of Sakhalin Island (in the Sea of Okhotsk off the coast of Russia), and recognize Japan's interests in Korea. Japan gives up its demand for an indemnity.
13 March 1912	Bulgaria, Serbia	Bulgaria and Serbia sign a treaty of alliance in preparation for a war with the Ottoman Empire.
18 October 1912	Italy, Anatolia, Ottoman Empire	Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a peace treaty at Lausanne, Switzerland, by which Tripoli and Cyrenaica are granted autonomy under Italian suzerainty, and Italy restores the Dodecanese Islands to the Ottoman Empire.
30 May 1913	Balkans	A peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan states is signed in London, England, ending the First Balkan War.
10 August 1913	Balkans	The Balkan states sign a peace treaty in Bucharest, Romania, in which Serbia and Greece retain the areas of Macedonia they have taken from Bulgaria.
18 September 1913	Bulgaria, Anatolia, Ottoman Empire	A Bulgarian–Ottoman treaty settles the frontier in Thrace, leaving Adrianople under Ottoman rule.
13 November 1913	Greece, Anatolia, Ottoman Empire	A Greek–Ottoman peace treaty following the Second Balkan War allows Greece to absorb Crete and all the Aegean islands except Tenedos, Imbros, and the Dodecanese.
5 December 1917	Germany, Russia	German and Russian delegates sign an armistice at Brest-Litovsk (in modern Belarus).
9 December 1917	Romania, Germany, Austria-Hungary	Romania signs an armistice with the Central Powers at Focsani, Romania.
3 March 1918	Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Anatolia, Ottoman Empire	Russia and the Central Powers sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in which Russia cedes the Baltic Provinces and Russian Poland, and recognizes the independence of Finland and the Ukraine. The Ottoman Empire takes the former Russian districts of Kars, Ardahan, and Batum.
7 May 1918	Romania, Russian Empire	Romania signs the Peace of Bucharest with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Romania is allowed to annex Bessarabia, though Russia refuses to recognize the annexation.
30 September 1918	Bulgaria	Bulgaria signs an armistice with the Allies.
3 November 1918	Austria-Hungary	The Allies sign an armistice with Austria-Hungary, which is to come into force on 4 November.
28 June 1919	France	German representatives sign the peace treaty ending the 1914–18 war in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles near Paris, France (for terms, see 7 May).
28 June 1919	United Kingdom, USA, France	Britain and the USA guarantee French security in the event of an unprovoked German attack, though the US Senate later refuses to ratify the treaty.
10 September 1919	Austria	Austria signs a treaty of peace with the Allies at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris, France, in which Austria recognizes the independence of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and agrees not to ally with Germany. Its name subsequently changes from German Austria to the Republic of Austria.
19 November 1919	USA	In a 55–39 vote the US Senate rejects the Treaty of Versailles, leaving the USA outside the League of Nations.
27 November 1919	Bulgaria	The Peace of Neuilly formally ends the war between the Allies and Bulgaria, with Bulgaria recognizing the independence of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and agreeing to pay reparations.
2 February 1920		In a treaty signed at Tartu in Estonia, the Bolsheviks recognize the independence of Estonia and renounce all claims to Russian sovereignty over the Baltic state.
5 May 1920	Latvia, Germany	The Treaty of Berlin ends the war between Germany and Latvia and recognizes Latvian independence.
4 June 1920		The Allies (principally France and Britain) agree the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary. It removes various territories from Hungary, imposes limits on Hungary's armed forces, and requires Hungary to pay reparations for damage inflicted by Austro-Hungarian forces during the war.
24 July 1920		The Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye between the Allies (principally Britain and France) and Austria (signed 19 September 1919) comes into force.
10 August 1920	Anatolia	The Treaty of Sèvres is signed, ending the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies. Under the terms of the agreement the Empire is broken up. Mesopotamia and Palestine become British mandates and Syria becomes a French mandate. Part of eastern Thrace, Smyrna (modern Izmir), and other territory is awarded to Greece, Rhodes is awarded to Italy, the Hejaz region becomes independent, and the Dardanelles are internationalized.
11 August 1920	Russia, Latvia	Russia and Latvia sign the Riga Treaty, in which Russia recognizes Latvia's independence.
12 October 1920	Russia, Poland	Russia and Poland sign a peace treaty to end their war, at Tartu, Estonia, signing a full treaty on 18 March 1921.
5 November 1921	Russia, Mongolia	A treaty of alliance is signed between the communist governments of Mongolia and Russia following the defeat of anticommunist White Russian forces under Roman von Ungern-Sternberg.
6 December 1921	United Kingdom	The British government and representatives of the Dáil Eireann sign the Anglo-Irish Treaty providing for an independent southern Ireland with dominion status (within the British Empire).
16 April 1922	Germany, RUSSIA	By the Rapallo Treaty between Germany and Russia, Germany recognizes Russia as ‘a great power’ and both sides waive World War I reparations claims; the treaty leads to the resumption of diplomatic and trade relations and to cooperation between the two countries' armies.
13 October 1922	Greece, Anatolia	The Armistice of Mudania is signed, ending the Greek–Turkish War and formalizing relations between the Allies and the Turkish nationalist government in Ankara; the Allies allow Turkish troops to enter Constantinople (modern Istanbul).
24 July 1923	Switzerland, Greece, Turkey	By the Treaty of Lausanne between Greece, Turkey, and the Allies, ending the Greek–Turkish War, Greece agrees to give up Smyrna, Eastern Thrace, and the islands of Imbros and Tenedos.
5–16 October 1925	Switzerland, UK, France, Belgium, Germany, Italy	The Locarno Conference in Switzerland drafts a treaty by which Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, and Germany guarantee Germany's western borders, and draws up lesser mutual assistance treaties to stabilize Germany's eastern borders.
27 November 1926	Italy, Albania	The Treaty of Tirana is agreed between Italy and Albania; Italy recognizes the status quo, but rapidly turns Albania into a virtual protectorate.
11 February 1929	Italy, Vatican	The Lateran Treaties recognize the pope's sovereignty over the Vatican, bringing the Vatican City State into being, and ending the hiatus in Italian relations with the Vatican that had existed since Italian unification in 1870.
9 February 1934	Greece, Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia	Greece, Turkey, Romania, and Yugoslavia form the Balkan Entente as a counterpart to the Little Entente (Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia), with the aim of preventing attack by another Balkan state.
12 September 1934	Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania	The Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) sign a Treaty of Understanding and Cooperation (known as the ‘Baltic Entente’) in Geneva, Switzerland.
26 August 1936	Egypt, UK	A treaty of alliance is signed between Britain and Egypt. To last for 20 years, it gives Britain the right to station troops in the Suez Canal region and use Alexandria as a naval base.
25 November 1936	Germany, Japan, China	Germany and Japan sign an anti-Comintern pact and agree to work together against international communism. Germany also recognizes Japan's regime in Manchuria, China.
6 November 1937	Italy, Germany, Japan	Italy joins the German–Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact against international communism.
22 May 1939	Germany, Italy	The German Führer and Italian prime minister sign a ten-year political and military alliance, the ‘Pact of Steel’.
23 August 1939	USSR, Germany, Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania	The USSR and Germany sign a nonaggression agreement. Secret protocols provide for the partition of Poland and for the USSR to operate freely in the Baltic states, Finland, and the Romanian province of Bessarabia.
22 June 1940	France, Germany	France signs an armistice with Germany during World War II and is divided into two zones. The Germans occupy northern and southwestern France, and a so-called autonomous ‘Vichy’ French state is to control the remaining third of the country.
27 September 1940	Germany, Italy, Japan	Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact in Berlin, Germany, pledging mutual military and economic cooperation.
14–24 January 1943	Morocco	A conference is held at Casablanca in newly liberated Morocco between British prime minister Winston Churchill and US president Franklin Roosevelt. They agree to increase bombing of Germany and mount an invasion of Sicily to exploit Allied success in North Africa. They also demand the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers.
2 September 1945	Japan, Pacific, USA	Japan signs its capitulation on board the USS Missouri, marking the end of World War II.
10 February 1947	France, Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania, USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland	By a treaty signed in Paris, France, Italy loses the Dodecanese Islands to Greece and border territories to France and Yugoslavia; Romania loses Bessarabia and North Bukovina to the USSR but regains Transylvania; Bulgaria retains South Dobrudja; Hungary regains its 1938 frontiers; and Finland cedes Petsamo (now Pechenga) to the USSR.
1 September 1951	USA, Australia, New Zealand	The USA, Australia, and New Zealand sign the Pacific Security Agreement (also known as the ANZUS Pact), in San Francisco, California, providing for mutual assistance if any signatory power is attacked.
27–31 May 1952	Europe	The foreign ministers of France, Italy, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, and West Germany sign a series of agreements in Paris, France, establishing a European Defence Community (EDC), with reciprocal guarantees between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the EDC.
30 August 1954	France	The French parliament votes against ratification of the 1952 treaty establishing the European Defence Community (EDC), which is destroyed by the decision.
8 September 1954	Southeast Asia	The South-East Asian Defence Treaty (for mutual defence) and Pacific Charter are signed in Manila, Philippines, by the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Britain, and France. The treaty establishes SEATO, the South-East Asia Treaty Organization, based in Bangkok, Thailand.
29 December 1954	North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, France	Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia all become independent under a treaty with France.
24 February 1955	Turkey, Iraq	Turkey and Iraq sign a treaty of alliance, the Baghdad Pact, which provides for mutual support against communist militants.
19 October 1956	USSR, Japan	A Soviet–Japanese treaty ends an 11-year state of war dating from 1945, but the status of the disputed Kurile Islands remains unresolved.
19 July 1958	Iraq, Egypt, Syria	Following the coup in Iraq, Iraq (nominally under the control of King Hussein of Jordan) and the United Arab Republic (UAR), formed of Egypt and Syria, sign a treaty of mutual defence, and on 20 July the UAR severs relations with Jordan.
5 August 1963	USA, USSR, UK, France, world	The USA, USSR, and Britain sign a nuclear test-ban treaty, which is subsequently signed by 96 states, but not France, before coming into force on 1 October.
30 June 1967	world	Forty-six nations sign the Final Acts of the ‘Kennedy round’ of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
1 July 1968	UK, USA, USSR	Sixty-one nations, including Britain, the USA, and USSR sign a nuclear nonproliferation treaty.
7 December 1970	West Germany, Poland	West Germany and Poland sign a treaty, formally recognizing the Oder–Neisse Line as the frontier between East Germany and Poland.
6 January 1987	Portugal	The Portuguese Council of State agrees to restore Macau to China before 2000. On 13 April, Portugal signs an agreement to return Macau in 1999.
12 June 1989	USSR, West Germany	Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev and West German chancellor Helmut Kohl sign the ‘Bonn Document’, affirming the right of European states to determine their own political systems.
31 July 1991	USA, USSR	The US president George Bush and the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) to reduce their arsenals of long-range nuclear weapons by a third.
9–10 December 1991	Europe, Netherlands, UK	A summit of European Community heads of government in Maastricht, the Netherlands, agrees the Maastricht Treaty on closer economic and political union (Britain obtains the right to abstain from social legislation and a single currency).
20 September 1992	France	A French referendum produces a vote narrowly (51.04%) in favour of ratification of the Maastricht Treaty on European, as agreed in the Netherlands on 10 December 1991.
3 January 1993	USA, Russia	The US president George Bush and the Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II), committing the USA and Russia to dismantle two-thirds of their nuclear warheads.
18 May 1993	Denmark, Europe	In a second referendum, Denmark approves the Maastricht Treaty on European union by a narrow majority, following the granting of concessions on its implementation.
1 November 1993	Europe	The Maastricht Treaty on European union comes into force; the European Community becomes the European Union (EU).
25 July 1994	Jordan, Israel, USA	King Hussein of Jordan and Yitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister of Israel, sign a joint declaration in Washington, DC, formally ending conflict between them (on 26 October a peace treaty is signed in a desert ceremony on the border between Jordan and Israel).
14 December 1995	Bosnia-Herzegovina, France	The formal signing of the peace plan for Bosnia-Herzegovina takes place at the Elysée Palace, Paris, France; it creates two entities within Bosnia-Herzegovina, a Muslim-Croat federation with 51% of territory and a Serb republic with 49%; a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping force will be replaced by a NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) implementation force.
23 May 1997	Belarus, Russia	A Union Charter linking Belarus and Russia and aiming at eventual unification of the two countries is signed by presidents Alexander Lukashenko and Boris Yeltsin.
21 April 2000	Russia	The Russian parliament ratifies the comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty. The US Senate refused to ratify the treaty in 1999.
13 December 2001		US president George W Bush announces his intention to withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Russia, which has been the cornerstone of nuclear deterrence since 1972.
13 June 2002		The 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty between the USA and the then Soviet Union lapses as the US's notification to Russia in December 2001 of its intention to withdraw comes into effect. Despite Russian opposition and wider international concern, the US government claims that the treaty – long considered an important check on the global proliferation of long-range and nuclear weapons – is an outdated relic of the Cold War era. The US move clears the way for the development of its controversial National Missile Defense (NMD) system.