If we move beyond the question of functional activity toward vertical relation and constituency, we tend to reduce potential descriptive conflicts for no other reason than that electoral methods are not fungible across the departments.

In the most thought-provoking and innovative essay of this volume, Thierry Saignes discusses the massive streams of Andean migrants during the seventeenth century and their ambiguous strategies of rupture from or continued ties to their home communities as revolutionary social change marked by a lessening of hierarchical vertical relations and growth of more horizontal and contractual relations.

Vertical Relations Confucianism does not view human beings as independent beings of equal ability and talent.