paper

Today's fully automatic papermaking machines can be 200 m/640 ft long and produce over 1,000 m/3,200 ft of paper in a minute. The most common type of papermaking machine is the Fourdrinier, named after two British stationer brothers who invented it in 1803. Their original machine deposited the paper on pieces of felt, after which it was finished by hand.

A roll of fairly rough brown paper coming off a relatively small cylinder machine in a paper mill in Minnesota, USA. This would seem to be a machine set aside at one end of the mill specifically for special orders or short runs.

A paper mill in Fife, Scotland. The industrial towns of Fife, such as Kirkcaldy and Dunfermline, became well known as manufacturers of products such as paper, linen, ships, and whisky. However, over the years these industries have gradually been replaced as technology has advanced, with newer industries such as food-processing, electronics, and chemical production taking their place.

Thin, flexible material made in sheets from vegetable fibres (such as wood pulp) or rags and used for writing, drawing, printing, packaging, and various household needs. The name comes from papyrus, a form of writing material made from water reed, used in ancient Egypt. The invention of true paper, originally made of pulped fishing nets and rags, is credited to Tsai Lun, Chinese minister of agriculture, in AD 105.

Paper came to the West with Arabs who had learned the secret from Chinese prisoners of war in Samarkand in 768. It spread from Morocco to Moorish Spain and to Byzantium in the 11th century, then to the rest of Europe. All early paper was handmade in frames.

With the spread of literacy there was a great increase in the demand for paper. Production by hand of single sheets could not keep pace with this demand, which led to the invention, by Louis Robert (1761-1828) in 1799, of a machine to produce a continuous reel of paper. The process was developed and patented in 1801 by François Didot, Robert's employer. Today most paper is made from wood pulp on a Fourdrinier machine, then cut to size; some high-grade paper is still made from esparto or rag. Paper products absorb 35% of the world's annual commercial wood harvest; recycling avoids some of the enormous waste of trees, and most papermakers plant and replant their own forests of fast-growing stock.